Fabulous. Wariboko in his multiple roles informed by constantly refreshed perspectives, works to the projections that we of The Falola Family drive ever-forward: that Horizon Future Beyond the Boundaries is at the core of his quest. ...It is of particular importance, as the American/ Western model fragments before our eyes; Wariboko confirms re-adjustments emerging in ethics/ values/ beliefs and structural forms. ...Powerful Prophetics to match Powerful Pragmatics. And his quest continues. And at pace. ...Amazing.Baba m
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A Conversation with Professor Nimi Wariboko
PART 1: AN INEXHAUSTIBLE LIBRARY OF IDEAS
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Dr. Nimi Wariboko, the Walter G. Muelder Professor of Social Ethics at Boston University, United States, is a globally renown scholar of economic ethics, social ethics, philosophy, African Christianity, and Pentecostal studies. For years, he worked as a strategy consultant to top investment banks in the world when he worked on Wall Street, New York City. Before going over to New York he was a banker in Lagos. At one time in his life in Lagos he worked as journalist and editor in three news organizations, including the now defunct Concord Newspapers owned by Chief Moshood K. Abiola. Though today he counts himself as an academic, he stills acts a management consultant to governments and corporations. Wariboko has demonstrated uncommon brilliance and excellence in all his chosen careers.
He is the author of 20 books and coeditor of six—and has published a vast number of essays in academic journals. Let me capture—at least, minimally and quickly— something about the incredible wide range of his thoughts. His first and second books published in 1993 and 1994 were on accounting (financial statement analysis) and on valuation of banks (corporate finance). His most recent two books—his nineteenth and twentieth published in 2020—are on the inherent imbalances of capitalist economies and the global financial systems, and on the epistemological orientation of Pentecostals. In between these poles, he has published in areas such as economic history, anthropology, demographics, political theory, and psychoanalysis, just to name a few. He has a transdisciplinary bent of mind.
Professor Wariboko is regarded as one of the most original and creative thinkers in the world today. He has the rare ability to work in many different fields and to be acclaimed as leading scholar in all the fields that he works in. His scholarship focuses on economic ethics, ethics of the global monetary and financial systems, the intersection of business and religion, economic development, political philosophy, philosophy of religion, and social theory.
He holds a B. Sc (economics, first class honors), MBA (finance and accounting), and PhD (ethics, with specialization on economic ethics, summa cum laude).
Toyin Falola
You have published widely in so many subjects, each of which represents a discipline. You can work in so many departments including economics, finance, accounting, social ethics, history, sociology, theology, philosophy, literary criticism, and cultural studies. You have also written 20 major books and so many essays. People wonder, why are you so eclectic? How do ideas come to you? And where does your muse come from?
Nimi Wariboko
Yes, I have published in many areas of study. Thank you for that question. I guess there are two parts to the question: Why do I work on so many fields at the same time? And also, where do I get the inspiration? Where does my muse come from? The first thing about working in several fields is that I work only on those things that excite me. I let my passion decide what I have to do. If something doesn't catch my interest, if it doesn't move me, if a book does not write itself in my head, I don't try to do it. This is one reason why I've never signed a book contract before I complete a manuscript. I don't want somebody's pressure or somebody's timetable to derail my passion. I always work out the book first before I submit the proposal. This makes the publishing process longer, but I like to be left alone to think through an issue without somebody pressuring me to follow his or her agenda or timetable.
So, I work in many academic fields simultaneously because of my passions, ideas come and grab or shake me.
There is another dimension to my preference to work in many areas at the same time. Historically, I am a product of a deliberate experiment done in Nigeria. In the 1980s, I went to a university, the University of Port Harcourt, that emphasized a multidisciplinary approach to knowledge production. At the time, the head of the School of Social sciences was Professor Claude Ake. He emphasized that if Africa was going to develop economically, we needed to produce graduates that were not one-trick ponies. He and his colleagues argued that university education was too expensive, and Africa's need to conquer underdevelopment was too urgent to only produce narrowly specialized graduates. So, Ake, Ikenna Nzimiro, Kimse Okoko, Eme Ekekwe, Walter Ollor, and many others came up with a school system whereby in the first two years of college, all students in the School of Social Sciences take courses from all the disciplines of social sciences. So, I took courses in geography, economics, sociology, political science, and anthropology though my major was in economics. I did all that and also took courses in science and technology, history, and Nigerian language as part of the university-wide general studies program. The goal was that a graduate working for the government would not be so narrowly focused that he or she could not define Africa's problem in its complexity and diversity. They poured this idea into us, undergraduates, and we imbibed it. They also encouraged us to read very widely, to engage ideas from multiple sources.
These foundational ideas and goals have followed me to this point in my life, setting me up to search for truth wherever I can find it. And if I happen to be walking on the path of a truth and I find that I need anthropology, history, or political theory to understand things better, I go for it in multiple ways. So, it is the quest for the truth, the quest to engage Africa's problems, whether at the theoretical level, at the abstract level, or the concrete level that is responsible for my working in many fields. So, there is the response to the first part of your question.
The second part of the question is, where do I get my ideas from? What kind of inspiration drives me? First, for decades now, since I left banking and went full time into academics, I read about eight to 10 hours daily. The way to get ideas is to read other people voraciously. I read up at least 200 or 250 pages of text every day. I'm always buying books and engaging with people's ideas. Second, I pay attention to my environment, what is happening around me. I pay attention to details, everyday things. Third, I have personal morning devotion every day. In the morning, when I wake up, I don't just jump out. I would take time to collect my thought, to pray as a Christian, and seek the face of the Lord. After praying, I will read before I leave my bedroom. That way, even if for some strange reason I don't get the chance to read again, I already deposited something into my mind for the day.
Fourth, that level of devotion and discipline tend to bring ideas to me any time of the day or night. One needs a certain practice or habit to harvest its fruits. I always have notebook and pens at my bedside. Anywhere I am during the day, I have a pen and paper in my pocket. There are always two pens somewhere on my body because when an idea strikes me, I will need to write it down and I do not want to be hindered by a dry or malfunctioning pen. If someone mentions a book reference in a conversation, I don't want to forget it.
My inspiration comes from a lot of reading, studying other scholars' ideas, having the discipline to pay attention to details, to everyday things in the environment. When I read I "listen" closely to people's ideas and not just read them. I read them closely so I can learn something from them. For me to generate ideas I must be open to receiving ideas. Because if you are not open to receiving ideas, if you think you have known everything, ideas will not come to you. I am always open to receiving both from the best, the most brilliant persons in the world, and from the person everybody considers as the village idiot. When I listen to people, I am always looking for what I would learn from them. I consider everybody smarter and brighter than me. With this mindset, I can learn something from every human being.
Toyin Falola
That's very wonderful. It shows some aspect of your humility as well. You have a body of work on Pentecostalism. I've been privileged to read many of them. Pentecostalism today is under some criticism in Nigeria. Sure, regarding tithe and the wealth of major leaders like Adeboye, Oyedepo, and Joshua some Nigerians were saying that the government should clip their wings given the amount of money they control. So I think we have to ask you this practical question: people are questioning the practices and messages of the Pentecostal leaders, framing them as part of the Nigerian corrupt system, how do you respond to that criticism?
Nimi Wariboko
I think my response would be in two ways. First, we have to approach it at the level of systems. Nigerian Pentecostalism, as a system, has shown itself not to be very helpful to Nigeria. It has shown itself to be part of the corruption in the country. As a religious movement, it is not above the mess that is in the country in many cases. So, at the level of the system, people have a right to question the movement. And by definition, also question those who lead the movement.
But at a personal level, some people have acquired stupendous wealth. If I were to lead a church in Nigeria this would not be my style because I don't think that massive wealth accumulation by spiritual leaders reflects what Jesus Christ would do. One has to be very careful here. I am not saying that wealth is bad. But if you are a leader trying to emulate Jesus Christ, you have to be very careful that money or wealth is not the primary image people see when they see you. When people begin to associate or define the religious movement by money, it is not good. I was discussing this with my family this morning and we looked at chapter eight of the book of the Acts of the Apostles. There we have Peter rebuking Simon who wanted to trade the power of God for money. Peter said that the gifts of God could not be bought with money. When Pentecostal leaders display wealth in the ways they do, they might be unknowingly leading some of their followers to associate holiness with money. That is, the more money you have, the holier you become. And if you are holy, it translates into wealth. No, it doesn't always work that way.
This problem of associating holiness or religion with money or prosperity is deeply rooted in Christianity, although some people want to deny it. I can easily give you two examples. When the missionaries came to Africa, one of the ways they sold Christianity was this: look at what our God has done for us. We have better technology; we are more powerful than you. Over time, that kind of mindset could lead to a fraudulent association of holiness with stupendous wealth. I am not saying that there is a direct causality between the evangelistic message of the missionaries and what is happening today in Nigerian Pentecostalism. My point is that what we see today is deeply rooted in history.
Second, if you look at even Max Weber's book, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism you get some of what I am talking about. He started from the foundation of Calvinism that taught that some people are destined or predestined to be saved, but no one knows exactly who those people are. But from their commitment to work, the pursuit of rationalization, success in establishing capitalism, and so on, we can get some indication. Though the correlation between salvation and prosperity or economic well-being is not as strong as you find in the Pentecostal prosperity gospel, the connection is there.
There a third example I would like to give. I tell people, even in the mainline churches in America or elsewhere, those we put on church boards are often the wealthy or successful members, I ask the question: How many of you will put on your church board a homeless man or a poor woman? Anytime you look for people to be on your church board, financial board, you always pick successful men and women. By that implication, you are making the assertion implicitly that those who are rich occupy higher positions in the church or spirituality. This is a problem common in all churches. This is not to excuse what is happening in Pentecostalism. I am only saying that if we are aware of this kind of conditions or this kind of temptation in Christianity, then our Pentecostal leaders need to take more precaution so that their lifestyles would not induce people to make the fraudulent connection between wealth and spirituality.
Toyin Falola
In 2014, you wrote a book, Nigerian Pentecostalism published by the University of Rochester Press. One of the key characteristics of Pentecostalism that you identify in that book is what you call spell of the invisible. Can you explain what it means? And why this is a key to understanding Pentecostals?
Nimi Wariboko
By spell of the invisible, I mean the drive of Nigerian Pentecostals to understand reality beyond the pale, beyond the ordinary contact with reality. We have the phenomenological world, the physical world that coordinates our reality, but this is not enough for them. They are propelled to understand what is behind the phenomenological veil or wall. They believe that what is happening to us in the physical is always controlled by the invisible, what we don't see. And so, the role of the pastor, the role of a good Christian is to crack that wall and know what is behind it. If you are poor, it is not so much about your hard work or systemic oppression, it is what some enemies, some spiritual forces have done to block your material progress. If you cannot have a baby, it is not because your husband is impotent or has a low sperm count, or you have other problems. Always, the issue is that somebody has caused the problem. Pentecostals are always moving from the physical to the non-physical, to the spiritual realm to make sense of their visible world.
The problem with Pentecostalism in this respect is a carryover from Africa traditional religions. But there it was not so much of a problem. Pentecostals have run with an inherited African worldview to a different level. Robin Horton, a British-Nigerian anthropologist in the 1960s or early 1970s propounded a theory about first or second-order levels of explanation. At the first order, Africans employ the rules of the plain physical world to explain what is going on in their lives. At the second-order level of explanation, they generate explanations beyond the ordinary and the obvious. This is a spiritualistic model of explanation. Daily, in every society, they use first-order explanation to go about their business. If an accident or something untoward happens to you the first time you might still explain it by first-order causation. But if it happens to you repeatedly, you begin to ask if there is something more to it. At this point you are going over to the second-order explanation, which is at the invisible level or at level that is not ordinarily obvious to everybody.
Let me quickly add that the two levels explanation hold not only in African society. Let us say in America, an accident occurs at 10 O'clock at particular junction of I-95 that passes close to my house here. We will not think about it beyond saying that people drive recklessly. But if the accident happens repeatedly, at the same hour, engineers will conclude there is something about the spot—maybe bad construction—causing the accidents. They may then decide to reconstruct the road at that junction. You see that they have moved to the second-order level of causation. They moved from the commonsense idea that accidents do happen, people drive too fast or badly, to bad road construction, which is the "something more." Notice something here; the "something more" is still lodged in the physical realm.
My point is that generally people don't automatically jump to second-order condition. The first order is dealing with the physical laws as all of us understand it. In African traditional religions they have the first-order causation and if that does not produce a satisfactory answer, they move to the second-order level of explanation. Our ancestors did not permanently live in the second-order world, which draws its explanatory power from the invisible realm. For instance, they knew that if a man sleeps with his wife, she will get pregnant. They did not need a spirit to tell them that. They knew if you climb a tree and let go your hands, you will fall.
African Pentecostalism is changing this inherited wisdom. Pentecostals now jump straight into second-order explanation. Everything is about the second-order. There is no longer the physical world to deal with, you jump headlong into the second-order as everything becomes an event in the second-order world. Even if there is no fuel in your car and you know this at the first order level that you didn't put enough gas in your tank or that your tank is leaking, you blame spiritual causes when your car stops on the highway. This is a deadly form of irrationality, a very dilapidated form of rationality.
This is what I was trying to get at with the notion of spell of the invisible in that book. I am saying that if you really want to understand Nigerian Pentecostalism, you got to pay attention to the spell of the invisible. It is not just enough to say, well this is something that we have in African traditional religion or that we have a spiritual dimension to life. Where the Pentecostals have taken the concern for the spiritual dimension does not make sense anymore. Nothing is real anymore. Yet they are rooted in the physical and have to deal with the laws of physics or the laws of nature. I was trying to capture all these contradictions in the book. I was using this commitment to the invisible to explain a lot of their practices, ideas, and doctrines.
Toyin Falola
Thank you very much. That's a wonderful answer. Is your next book on Pentecostalism, or what would that be?
Nimi Wariboko
Well, two of my books will be coming out this month. One is called The Split Economy: Saint Paul Goes to Wall Street. In this book, I am looking at capitalism and the history of what causes imbalances in economic performance. And from there, I go on to examine why there is so much imbalance in the financial world. My research shows that some of these imbalances started before the capitalist era and Karl Marx wrongly thought they were a result of capitalism. I then offer some insights on how we can deal with the fundamental imbalance of any economy.
The second one is called The Pentecostal Hypothesis: Christ Talks, They Decide. In this book, I am trying to understand everyday Pentecostal epistemology. I got the idea for the book from an African woman in New York, Pastor Elsie Obed. She has this saying: It does not make sense, but it makes spirit. She is saying that certain actions of Pentecostals do not make sense at the realm of the physical or at the phenomenological level, but they have meaning in the spiritual realm that is based on a different kind of knowing. So, this lays out a form of epistemology.
The book is about unpacking the nine words in her saying. I wrote a book of over 200 pages just to extract the wisdom, the epistemological idea, embedded in her saying. While doing this I had at the back of my head the thought that an African woman, a pastor who was not a philosopher, not a scholar has formulated a philosophical thought that is provocative.
I was reminded of what Giorgio Agamben, the famous Italian philosopher did with first ten words of Paul's Letter to the Romans. Agamben wrote a philosophical book, The Time That Remains: A Commentary on the Letter to the Romans and in it he unpacked the first ten words. In this vein, as I deeply meditated on Pastor Obed's nine words, I wrote a whole philosophical book.
Let me turn to my work-in-progress. It is a book on economic philosophy. I am trying to craft a viable economic philosophy for African economic development. The philosophy will be based on indigenous religious and philosophical thought. This is my next project. Actually, I have already written the book in my head. I just need to find the time to type it out on the computer. The process of transferring the book from my head to the computer will not be difficult. Once I have finished writing a book in my head, it takes about a month or less to write a 200-page manuscript. It is a lot easier for the book to jump out of my head than trying to create and nurture it in the thinking process of my head.
Toyin Falola
Thank you very much. Your country Nigeria, also my country, just turned 60. Throughout the various reflections on the occasion, you can see expressions of our agonies and disappointments. Can we not argue that we are at a critical point, that the country is no long young at 60 years? Or can we say that we have lost many lost opportunities? Or can we say that we are the victims of self-destruction. A friend always says to me that if you had paid somebody, a contractor to destroy Nigeria, that contractor would not have done a better job as the citizens are doing themselves, destroying their own country. Well, what are your own reflections as Nigeria attains 60 years of age?
Nimi Wariboko
We are doing this interview on October 4, so our independence celebration was only three days ago. I want to reflect on the country with the aid of an image. There is a painting that captures where Nigeria is at this moment. Nigeria is like what the German-Jewish philosopher, Walter Benjamin, calls the "Angel of History" (Paul Klee's Angelus Novus). Nigerians as a people have their backs turned to the future, facing the ruin, the wreckage of history. In Paul Klee's painting, you have an angel, about to fly off, his wings are stretched out, it has caught the wind, but his is backing the future, and is ever unable to take off. His gaze is cast on some debris, ruin of history. He is so fascinated by the debris in front of him that he is caught in that moment of immobility. Everything is ready, but he cannot fly.
So, your observations about Nigeria is right. We have destroyed our country. There is so much debris of history, debris of our heritage, and debris of our missed opportunities. So much of missed developmental changes that they are piled up and we are not able to look at our future. And we are backing our future instead of turning away from the debris and asking how we can move forward. But the wind to take us forward is there. It is caught in our wings.
This is the story of Nigeria. There is always the wind, the potentiality in the country, and our wings are always stretched. Yet, we cannot look away from the debris, the corruption, ethnicity, irrationality. We cannot look away from all the things that we do that have imprisoned our gaze. We are ever ready to fly, but then we are backing the future scene.
We need some citizens to arise and slap the face of our angel of history and turn him around to see the future. I think there will arise a class or group of citizens that will play that revolutionary role. And that is why I wrote my 2019 book, Ethics and Society in Nigeria: Identity, History and Political Theory to express this optimism. When I said in that book that there is a generation that needs to come, some of the critics said I was too optimistic. But what else can anybody do in Nigeria? You have to be optimistic. Or do we just assume that Nigeria is like any other civilization or country that fails and disappears from the map? This is an option. But it is not mine. Citizens in countries that look like they are about to disappear at any moment in time can still have hope that one day their societies might be turned around.
I believe a new seed of Nigerians will arise to initiate the turnaround of the angel of history that represents Nigeria. They will turn his face that is transfixed on the debris of history. This is the reason for my hope. This is not to say I am not conscious of the impossibilities or the obstacles that face us as a country. I am only impossibly hopeful. Nigeria is a possible impossibility. We have to hold to that.
Toyin Falola
Thank you very much. I have been to your house for the investiture ceremony of the Walter G. Muelder Chair in Social Ethics. It was a glorious moment that people come from far and wide. Some even came from Nigeria. So how do you balance your teaching, administration, research writing, and family activities?
Nimi Wariboko
The way I find time for my family in the midst of all that I do is to sacrifice many activities outside the house. I hardly have time to go to the movies. I don't drink, I don't smoke. And I don't socialize much. So many things that people do or take for granted, I don't enjoy such pleasures. Because if I try to do all that, with my academic work, or my family, I'm not going to go very far.
I deliberately made the choice that there are certain lifestyles or certain things that I would just have to give up. I came to this country as a student in 1990, but I don't think I have ever been to the beach even though I grew up near a river in Nigeria. There are many things that one has given up to create the time to do academic work and also stay close to the family. The good thing about my academic work is that I do it mostly at home. When my children were growing up, I was at home when they came back from school or left in the morning. I could stand with my son to take the bus to school. But the real story here is that I have a very supportive spouse. To be a successful academic, you need the kind of family or spouse that will let you have the space to work. It is a blessing and grace of God that I am an integral part of my family life and have nicely attended to my academic work.
Toyin Falola
Thank you for your patience. This will be my last question and is about the Ijaw people in an area (Niger Delta) that I think is one of the richest in the continent. And it has always been so historically, right from the time of the Atlantic slave trade. The slave raiders traded so many people, that area produced over 2 million slaves shipped to the Americas. When the slave trade stopped, they began to trade in raw materials and that form of trade was named by historians as the illegitimate trade. The area became the source of palm kernel, palm oil. In the mid-20th century it was one of the world's leading supplier of palm oil. In that same area, Nigeria discovered oil. And since 1967, it has been the live wire, the main revenue source of the country. At one level, it is a very rich area, very blessed, very endowed. I call it a geologic abnormality, in terms of what we have been able to get from it. Then comes the other side. It is one of the poorest areas in the country. I've been there many times. I once visited the region, some places have no modern means of transportation, and this is the place the former president of Nigeria came from. The area is difficult to access. I wanted to attend the funeral ceremony of your mom. I knew how to get there, but I did not know how to get back quickly because of poor flight schedule. I was to fly from Cameroon to Abuja to attend the funeral and go back. It was not easy to set up the flight arrangement. Unfortunately, I had to cancel. One time I went to the market in Port Harcourt with a friend of mine and we wanted to make soup and garri. The garri was very expensive, and the okro was expensive too. It was as expensive as buying gas for your petrol for your car. I said to myself, how can people live like this? The farmlands are devastated. The environment is polluted. So this is a story of Nigeria regarding distribution of power, federalism and abuses of federalism. Then this year, you have the news of how the corporation, the Niger Delta Development Commission, created to redress some of these balances has also become an agency of corruption. Overall, you have the foreign companies creating their own problems, the Nigerian states creating their own problems, governors stealing money and creating their own problems, and some local chiefs creating their own problems too. When we combine all these, do we say a curse is imposed on that geographical region that they will never make it? Is this a straightforward political economy problem? Or is it a function of restructuring the country and creating the Niger Delta as a separate country? Oh, should we not be bothered by this?
Nimi Wariboko
Thank you. This is an excellent question on the issue. The problem of the suffering of the people on the Niger Delta in general is something that touches me very deeply. I remember when I was doing my PhD work just before my comprehensive exam. I had gone to Port Harcourt with a friend from America to do some charity and also share knowledge and experience with some of the pastors in the area. What I saw at that time, shocked me. Before then I had not been to Port Harcourt for seven years or so. The level of poverty and injustice that I saw made me to nearly abandon my PhD. I said what is the point of studying for a doctorate when your people are suffering in this way? I felt that studying at Princeton was a big luxury while people were dying. What is the point of the sophisticated knowledge that I was acquiring when there is an urgent task to be done? It took me a lot of time to come out from that despondency and continue my studies.
There is something about the poverty of the Niger Delta that deeply touched me. I grew up in that setting. In fact, oil was drilled not far from the town I grew up. But then there was no electricity, no good drinking water, and the rivers were polluted. Everything was very expensive. Life was difficult. Those circumstances were created by Nigerian leaders and multinational corporations. It is never a matter of curse. It is the nature of the political economy that we are where we are yesterday and today.
INTERVIEW ANALYSIS AND REFLECTIONS BY TOYIN FALOLA
Because of space limitation, I will focus my response on only idea: Pentecostalism. Systems or institutions govern society with specific guidelines, rules, and regulations that affect each individual's behavior. Such methods and institutions persist for a long time and they contribute to the development of society. Going by this understanding, the Pentecostal community in Nigeria could be seen as an institution created to guide Christian community members as a group. On the occasion that the institution is broken down, it allows for a mass departure from rules arranged to serve as its compass, incidentally bringing about an absence of the rule of law. The Pentecostal community in Nigeria has convulsed into the abyss of anomie, where those who have a moral and statutory mandate to guide its existence have upended the basis for creating it as an institution. Because of this occurrence, it becomes inevitable for the system to degenerate to the level where leaders engage in what Francis Fukuyama calls reciprocal altruism (Francis Fukuyama, Political Order, and Political Decay, New York: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication, 2014). At the breakdown of laws and order, reciprocal altruism allows people to exchange resources and favors with individuals with whom they share genetic affiliation, such that that favor could be recycled among the same circle of people when needed.
As Fukuyama has noted, keeping favors for this purpose is not in itself an amoral engagement, because it appears that such a method is favored by nature as animals (of which the human species is considered in higher order) tend to socialize with species of the same type, which once again, is called natural sociability. Therefore, humans instinctively tend to preserve their interests by adopting such techniques to avoid exposing their identity to danger and to avoid having their privileges ceded to others of different species. This approach worked in the human circle before developed human thinking that brought about civilizations and its affiliated institutions. Even though humans have shown a considerable level of control on issues around them, which in some way delegitimizes a situation that can expose them to extant dangers, humans, out of fear, either psychological or ones caused by their imagination, still retain the tendency to degenerate into the socializing strategy where those who share similar genetic ties with them are favored. The world's political evolution has shown that humans have not stopped natural sociability; it has only been repackaged or redesigned. This same system has manifested in the Nigerian Pentecostal community where the institution has experienced sudden natural socializing form.
Pentecostalism has brought around leaders of churches who acquire a level of wealth and simultaneously use their political integrity to fix leadership positions to individuals based on their genetic relation and not spiritual merit, which shown in what Fukuyama has termed reciprocal altruism. The reason for this is apparent, one that is not different from the preservation strategy shown by other animal species. The real concern that poverty could strike at any time and immediately expose those who are financially incapable of affecting social or political decisions inspires these leaders to scrap the moral and spiritual philosophy of Christianity that disallows favoritism. Certain Pentecost species of Christianity in Nigeria crop up with the intention to deconstruct immemorial ideas that are etched into the Christian religion to fulfill their hero complex. So when one keenly observes the leadership interest in this community, one may unravel their unrivaled kleptomania. Indeed, it was this attitude exhibited by many Nigerian pastors during the Covid-19 lockdown protocol that was introduced by the Nigerian government as a preventive measure to the outbreak of the disease. When it was made apparent that many of these churches have the financial oxygen to finance a digital-based system where church activities could be run remotely without requiring the physical presence of a pastor or leader, many pastors were very loud in their criticism of the government about the need to reopen churches, using the excuse that lifting the lockdown injunction on the market or other activities should not exclude churches. In contrast, most of these pastors did not register their voice against police brutality, which the younger generation has undertaken against the government. Many people think that inaction was due to a lack of direct affect in their Pentecostal business.
From all indications, it is obvious that of all the attributes of Jesus Christ that the leadership of Pentecostal churches attracted, his disinterest in material possession (and money) is not one. Contemporary Nigerian Pentecostal leaders bask in the surplus of money. They have made a very single-minded devotion to having a taste of everything that the Nigerian political class has enjoyed at the taxpayers' expense. Like Nigerian politicians, Pentecostal leaders want a measure of heroic glorification and worship, which explains why most of them appreciate the ascription of the honorific appellation to their name with the mononym "Daddy." They move about, even within the confines of a church environment, with a heavy security entourage just as Nigerian politicians do. Their flair for adding a fleet of cars to their garage (not to mention private jets) shows a compelling level of similarity between both. All these examples explain why the institution has degenerated in sharp contrast to the moral character which birthed its creation. Amidst all of this, they are usually concerned about retaining their genetic circle of power. This is why these churches' successors are either direct children of the current leaders, individuals with whom they share a close affinity, or those who they are sure would return similar favors when needed. The leadership is not based on merit.
The glorification of materialism has affected the younger generation in Nigeria. This innocent generation has developed a mindset where they establish a fraudulent association of religiosity with astonishing wealth. Strangely, it has enabled them to pursue every opportunity with interest to generate affluence. There are churches with young pastors who would not accept the invitation to pray at child dedication programs if a certain amount of money is not pledged. Nigeria boasts numerous occasions of pastors refusing to attend programs that do not promise a chance at adding to their riches. Therefore, the installation of this mindset has contributed to the corruption of Nigerians' morale. Those who do not have the opportunity to register themselves in the religious sector seek alternative routes of getting unmerited wealth by all means. Moral behavior is naturally contagious. When individuals realize that their source of energy in moral structures (religious leaders) exhibit certain characteristics, they refer to them and justify their actions with those of their leaders. In essence, those who learn from these Pentecostal leaders will not agree that material possessions at the expense of others are condemnable behavior as they have concrete evidence to support their delinquency. Politicians who see a religious leader's extravagant urge to possess materials would find it difficult to accept that excessive materialism is not morally acceptable.
Somehow, Nigerian Pentecostalism has enthroned a belief that all challenges must have a spiritual side attributed, even when they are systemic dysfunctional products. Melancholic situations are believed to be caused by unseen forces, and the most efficient way to contain them is to confront them head-on at the spiritual realm. The introduction of this philosophy has affected Nigerians' thinking and has inevitably killed their sense of responsiveness to immediate challenges. Instead of providing an empirical evaluation of situations so that logical solutions can be proffered, Nigerian Christians have been conditioned to believe that their mental capability is insufficient in handling affairs that are triggered by human flaws. This has led to heightened superstition of the average Nigerian Pentecostal as they are inadequate at offering pragmatic solutions to existential problems. If a Nigerian graduate, for example, fails to secure a job after spending a considerable number of years studying in school, they immediately consider their misfortune as the product of their imagined enemies, and the current generation has coined a hilarious phrase to refer to these imaginary enemies: "village people." In other words, it is the "village people" that stand in their way of securing gainful employment instead of a dysfunctional system, and they must engage them in a spiritual battle.
Pentecostalism has configured people to react first to issues as spiritual beings instead of as a rational entity. Their immersion in the erroneous understanding that challenges always have a spiritual dimension has eroded their sense of personal accountability and triggers them to hold their leaders accountable for their own life challenges. And since Pentecostal leaders usually do well, especially in the financial sense, these followers immediately conclude that they have the spiritual arsenal to deal with emerging enemies to help them excel. To have such grace to excel, they must confront their challenges in the spiritual realm. This warped way of thinking has further expanded governmental irresponsibility since they understand that people would rather blame unknown spirits and hold them accountable for their woes instead of political leaders who truly are responsible for these challenges. With this mindset, political and economic depravity have reached their peak. There has been an acceleration of institutional decay because of this faulty orientation, and Pentecostalism has been instrumental in its establishment. Effects of this aftermath are corrosive. An opposing viewpoint of this idea is that a Pentecostal in Nigeria sees everyone as a potential enemy who, even when they are not consciously involved in bringing them down, could be recruited involuntarily by a demonic power to harm them. Thus, every relationship they hold with others has the potential to be strained in a short while.
Ineluctably, this orientation has necessitated that even the political class enjoys an undeserved right to maximize human abuse. They deliberately allocate funds to themselves under the aegis of a reformation or transformation of society. They embezzle these funds greedily, sometimes paying a reasonable percentage to religious leaders whose desire to acquire wealth prevents them from taking appropriate moral ground. Therefore, the continuation of this abuse has provoked an unparalleled level of damage to the country's institutions and has dimmed the chances of development, and thereby, increases immoral indulgences among the youth. The political class and religious leaders combine to truncate institutional progress, which could be attained in a corruption-free society. The school as an institution has been exposed to similar challenges because there is the need for those in academia to receive financial compensation for the work they do, which has not been orderly remunerated by appropriate political quarters. The rot in Nigeria is interconnected and can be explained logically. As there is the breakdown of natural law even in religious places, the people have the confidence to pursue personal ambitions even at the detriment of innocent bystanders. Perhaps the Pentecostal community's investment of reasonable interest to challenge political leaders when they refuse to deliver on basic social welfare would have ushered in a greater sense of accountability and moral direction among the youth. Social problems, such as unemployment, high mortality caused by poor infrastructure, and the absence of primary health care services are signs of a social breakdown. They require human effort to bring about solutions. When spiritual beings attributed to these issues, this denies the people an opportunity to use their God-given talent to contain challenges and attain a higher height.
Saturday, October 31, 2020
USA Africa Dialogue Series - POWERFUL PROPHETICS-- Re: The Toyin Falola Interviews: A Conversation with Professor Nimi Wariboko
Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - 4th Princeton Annual Humanities Colloquium (PAHC) on Africa and Digital Humanities
wow.
the world is changing
On Sun, 1 Nov 2020 at 02:56, Chambi Chachage <chachagechambi@gmail.com> wrote:
--Dear All,You are all welcome!Day 1 and 2: https://pah.princeton.edu/colloquia/princeton-2020Registration: https://princeton.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_g_LOQ78_QcCiRASkWNgvdg(link is external)Best Regards,Chambi
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Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Note on Theoretical Marginalization and Language
If I might respond to my own question while hoping to learn more on it from others-
''How can this be done-
'their trying to play in the epistemologically dominant precincts of the North as insurgents on their own terms with the ultimate aim of critically changing the Western epistemic formation and globalizing African epistemologies.'
Moses Ochonu''
I recall this is the burden of Rowland Abiodun's Yoruba Art and Language: Seeking the African in African Art, where he argues for the centring of African aesthetics in the study of African art, a goal that Abiọdun and his colleagues and collaborators in the West and Nigeria have gone a very long way in achieving over the decades.
They are all superb writers in English, even as, with those in Yoruba Studies, they engage their often marvelous mastery of Yoruba, a centrality of English in framing Yoruba discourse which enabled them to publish in the largely Western journals and book publishers through which their work came out.
A critical examination of the relative impact of this work in Africa and the West , however, needs to be undertaken.
Abiodun, Babatunde Lawal, Olabiyi Yai, Barry Hallen, Pierre Verger, among others at the then University of Ife, had a profound impact on their immediate scholarly environment and reached beyond that to impact the Western academy in its homelands, as demonstrated by the character of scholarly life in the university between the 70s and 80s and their publications abroad, and as with Lawal, teaching stints in the US-he taught at Harvard for a year- even while still at Ife.
Eventually, however, a good no of this pioneering crop of scholars left for the US, while their writer/scholar colleague Wole Soyinka left the university system, becoming itinerant between Africa and the West.
What has happened to their legacy in their natal university, where they reached scholarly maturity?
The subsequent generations of scholars in Yoruba Studies from that university are represented by such figures as Karen Barber, Teresa Washington and Toyin Falola, all luminaries, but to what degree has the agenda of the Abiọdun, Lawal, Yai, Soyinka generation, the same agenda they took to the US and which Abiodun has concretized in his book, continued to impact their university and others in their own country and in Africa, the same agenda described in a different context by Moses- 'their trying to play in the epistemologically dominant precincts of the North as insurgents on their own terms with the ultimate aim of critically changing the Western epistemic formation and globalizing African epistemologies.'
What has happened to their legacy in their natal university, where they reached scholarly maturity?
The subsequent generations of scholars in Yoruba Studies from that university are represented by such figures as Karen Barber, Teresa Washington and Toyin Falola, all luminaries, but to what degree has the agenda of the Abiọdun, Lawal, Yai, Soyinka generation, the same agenda they took to the US and which Abiodun has concretized in his book, continued to impact their university and others in their own country and in Africa, the same agenda described in a different context by Moses- 'their trying to play in the epistemologically dominant precincts of the North as insurgents on their own terms with the ultimate aim of critically changing the Western epistemic formation and globalizing African epistemologies.'
What publishing platforms are most suited to advancing this agenda?
What is the best location for advancing that agenda, from within Africa or outside it or both?
Publication in journals readily available to Africans or those accessible to the West in the hope of shaping the Western agenda and affecting the African one too?
In the era of online publications, to what degree does the question of the geographical location of a journal or academic publisher have relevance?
Are the issues not more about ideological orientation than of physical location, even though location shapes ideology?
What is the role of open vs closed access journals in this dynamic?
How do these issues play out where books are concerned?
As it is, the Abiodun, Lawal, Yai and Soyinka generation have done great work but how accessible is their work to their very people about whom it was done?
Soyinka's great essay collection, his most trenchant exposition of Yoruba thought known to alongside his seven stanza poem in A Credo of Being and Nothingness is published by Cambridge UP. Soyinka's books were largely published abroad when importation was easier. Now, Nigerian publishers are also publishing them.
All Abiodun's essays except one, are published by Western publishers, although his university has versions of some of the essays on their website. His book is published by Cambridge UP. Lawal's work is in the same situation, some ease of access being enabled by some sites online.
What are the implications of the location of publication in the West with the attendant challenge emerging over time of economic differentials, escalating since SAP of the 90s (?), that made the work not readily accessible to the very communities the work was about?
thanks
toyin
On Sun, 1 Nov 2020 at 04:40, Oluwatoyin Vincent Adepoju <toyin.adepoju@gmail.com> wrote:
Thanks, Biko.I'm wary, though, of this idea of-''You could have told the Nsukka School to go ahead and theorize in any language they are comfortable with and if they do so very well, translators will arrive to translate their work for the benefit of other communities of interpretation.''
How realistic is that assumption? How long will that take even if it does occur?Even beyond the question of probability-how likely is it to happen- and temporality-how long will it take to occur, if at all- there is the question of immediacy, which Moses and Falola have pointed out.
Moses was addressing people who are building academic careers that imply immediate pecuniary values as well as immediate issues of appreciation beyond their national and even continental localities.Moses responded in a pragmatic manner by suggesting approaches to achieving their goals.He also suggested that this pragmatic orientation may be employed for goals beyond immediate needs, such as '' trying to play in the epistemologically dominant precincts of the North as insurgents on their own terms with the ultimate aim of critically changing the Western epistemic formation and globalizing African epistemologies.''That goal also impacts on how scholarship is done outside the West, on account of the influence of Western scholarship on the rest of the world, being the globally dominant template.
If the Nsukka scholars do what you suggest, they are not likely to be published, even in Nigeria and Africa, with all the implications of that for their careers.
Is it not more realistic to think of both writing and publishing in indigenous languages as a publishing venture in partnership between publishers and scholars instead of leaving it to the academic alone, with all the attendant risks?The publisher makes sure translators are available and ensures the publication and dissemination of both the original text and the translation.Even then, the language of scholarship at Nsukka and Nigeria generally is English, not Igbo.That means most people, even at Nsukka, will be reading the English translations rather than the Igbo text. Even Achebe describes himself as a better writer in English than in Igbo.In your case, your central scholarly language is English.You are thinking of expanding your writing in Igbo, not as a new scholar seeking recognition, but as an accomplished scholar who has achieved what Moses' Nsukka interlocutors are seeking, thereby placing your anticipated initiative in a very different context.
Yes, the decentring of African languages and their epistemic values has been part of the colonizing process, at both cultural and political levels, but is is realistic to simply try to return to the pre-colonial status quo?
How realistic is that?thankstoyinOn Sun, 1 Nov 2020 at 04:01, 'Biko Agozino' via USA Africa Dialogue Series <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com> wrote:--Moses, the Egyptian,You could have told the Nsukka School to go ahead and theorize in any language they are comfortable with and if they d so very well, translators will arrive to translate their work for the benefit of other communities of interpretation.If your view of Anglocentric theorizing was imposed on ancient Kemet, they may have failed to produce al those technical papyri that Europeans are still studying and translating today. They even have a discipline called Egyptology that specializes on studying written ancient African texts in the language of Africans.Do you think that there might be a relationship between the loss of agency in indigenous African languages in addition to the loss of land, funding, labor and policy autonomy, and the arrested development of African cultures since the contact with invaders and enslavers? I do and I also believe that the recovery of language agency may be relatively feasible compared to the other factors of production.I am not against English with which I publish a lot but I also have plans to narrate, theorize and publish more in Igbo and allow translations back and forth.Do you dream in English or do you dream in Idoma like Bongos Ikwue? Akpangelumo lumo akpagengelumo akpa eeeghi?BikoOn Saturday, 31 October 2020, 22:36:25 GMT-4, Moses Ebe Ochonu <meochonu@gmail.com> wrote:"I happen to believe that robust theorizing can be done in indigenous ;languages. I have done so in several academic papers and many others have done so excellently around the world."Biko,You can of course theorize in indigenous languages but you publish in English and your work will be engaged in English, so your theories enter the global academic marketplace via English. Therefore, if you neglect the imperative of good written English and the esoteric English language lexicon of your field, your theory will not travel or be published or engaged.Like many Africans, I used to think in my native Idoma, until about 15 years ago when it became cumbersome for me to do so since I have to translate the thought into English, the medium I write in. I have nothing against folks thinking or theorizing in their mother tongues, but if their desire is for these theories to be read, understood, and accorded the attention it deserves by "discourse communities" that use English, these theories cannot be published in the mother tongue and if they are they cannot remain in that medium.My interlocutors at UNN may or may not think in Igbo or Yoruba--not sure. No matter; they can theorize in those languages. However, since their primary complaint is that their theories are not being granted favorable reception, and since their expressed aspiration is to break into the consequential theoretical conversations of the Euro-American academy, they would be shooting themselves in the foot if they do not translate their thoughts and theories into English (or French or Portuguese as the case may be). Doing such translation work, or theorizing and thinking in English in the first order, requires a mastery of English as an expressive form and as a tool of writing into and disrupting the dominant epistemologies of the global North--On Sat, Oct 31, 2020 at 8:30 PM 'Biko Agozino' via USA Africa Dialogue Series <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com> wrote:--Big Ogo,You done come again o. It is called Mother tongue and not Baba tongue. About turn, quick march; those children of my sister must be fluent in their mother tongue before they learn your yeye minority language that nobody understands even in Ilorin, you hear? Otherwise we go fine you one cow. But you try sha to teach them an African language.I think that we are more in agreement on this thread than opposed. We are all writing in English here. But the way Moses posed correct English as an exclusive tool for theory construction deserves a response. I happen to believe that robust theorizing can be done in indigenous ;languages. I have done so in several academic papers and many others have done so excellently around the world.Singapore and Hong Kong are among the exceptions to my LICE theorem but they are both mercantilist cities instead of being industrial in the real sense of the term. Yet, even Singapore is not monolingual in schooling and Hong Kong people are literate in Cantonese too. They emphasize competency in at least one other indigenous language. Ireland increased the pace of industrialization once they started rediscovering Gaelic. India just announced this year that instruction in indigenous languages will be enforced at all levels from this year. Their problem may be that hundreds of millions remain illiterate in any language. Chinese parents value English as a second language but they also understand the importance of fluency in indigenous Chinese languages.In a Calaloo interview, Achebe tells the story of his workshop in Japan. One of the Japanese participants reported that his grandfather took all his university notes in English in the 1870s. His own father took half his university notes in English and half in Japanese. Then he went to university himself after WWII and took all his notes in Japanese. Is there a lesson there for Africa? I think so but you are welcome to disagree.BikoOn Saturday, 31 October 2020, 20:51:16 GMT-4, Farooq A. Kperogi <farooqkperogi@gmail.com> wrote:Oga Prof.You're mixing up issues and veering off on tangents now, my esteemed ogo. I am myself an advocate for native languages. For instance, I don't speak English to my children here in the United States; I speak only my native Baatonu language with them. Moses knows this. He marvels at my kids seamlessly transition from my native Baatonu language to "accentless" American English.Even your sister has been able to pick up the language from hearing me speak it with the kids. My kids are, in fact, more proficient in my native language than most Baatonu children who are growing up in urban centers like Ilorin. We found that out when we visited Nigeria 4 years ago.This conversation isn't about the desirability of native languages--or the merit of multilingualism. I was specifically responding to this claim of yours: "No country has ever industrialized by relying on a language imposed by colonizers. Name [one]. That may be part of the reasons why Africa struggles with industrialization."Thankfully, you have now admitted that your claim has no basis in evidence. The language of instruction at all levels of education in Singapore is English, and it is developed. The language of instruction at all levels of education in Ireland is English, and it is developed. The basic literacy level in Irish Gaelic in Ireland is below 20 percent. I visited Ireland in 2004 and observed the ubiquitousness of signs in Irish Gaeli even though most Irish people don't understand the language and have to rely on the English translation of their "native" language to get by.India is also rapidly industrializing with English, not Hindi.You asked for one example to dispute your claim. You got several. And you've admitted that your claim is rested on a very slender thread of empirical evidence. That does it for me.It bears repeating that there is no intrinsic nexus between language and development or "industrialization." Any society can develop-- or stall-- in any language. Foreignness or nativity of language is entirely irrelevant to development or "industrialization."In any case, Standard English, which powers the scholarship that drives development in the Anglophone West, isn't even native to anyone. It's learned, not acquired, although I concede that being a native English speaker (which isn't delimited by race) can give a headstart in the acquisition of Standard English. An educated Igbo man from Okija can have better proficiency and greater agency in Standard English than a modestly or barely educated man who was born and raised in Maine in the United States.Plus, more than 80 percent of the vocabulary of science is foreign to English. Native English speakers also face hurdles learning Standard English and the English dialect that powers science, technology and even humanistic and social science scholarship.Let's curb our linguistic nativist enthusiasm and not ascribe to language, native or foreign, a role it doesn't have in development. That's my whole point. I am not against anyone choosing to be educated in their native language.FarooqFarooq A. Kperogi, Ph.D.School of Communication & MediaSocial Science BuildingRoom 5092 MD 2207402 Bartow Avenue
Kennesaw State UniversityKennesaw, Georgia, USA 30144
Cell: (+1) 404-573-9697
Personal website: www.farooqkperogi.comTwitter: @farooqkperogiNigeria's Digital Diaspora: Citizen Media, Democracy, and Participation
"The nice thing about pessimism is that you are constantly being either proven right or pleasantly surprised." G. F. Will--On Sat, Oct 31, 2020 at 5:42 PM 'Biko Agozino' via USA Africa Dialogue Series <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com> wrote:--Farooq,Fa-fa-fa foul. As a scholar, you must know that the claim in my LICE theory is grounded in observable evidence and so, it is not vulgar determinism. What I claim is that language is a neglected factor of production of equal importance with land, capital, labor, and public policy. The neglect of any factor of production will most likely cripple or slow development efforts. Therefore, I am not a lingo determinist, I indicated that there are other relevant factors and that language is one of them. LICE is neither vulgar nor deterministic, it only claims that language is important. You disagree? Why now?The good news is that even if we have no control over the other factors of production, we can exercise relative agency and autonomy over our languages if we are well-educated in indigenous tongues.You are right that Europe started developing by relying on the colonial language of Latin and later that of Napoleonic French but do you know what they call that period of their history? They call it the Dark Ages. Why? Na you sabi.Your claim that some individuals mastered foreign languages does not test the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between language agency and development at a national level, not the micro level of individualism.Russia also used French as the official language until an African, Alexander Pushkin, defied the orthodoxy and started writing everything in Russian. They laughed at him but today he is known as the Father of Russian literature.Lee Kwan Yew adopted the dual language policy to avoid ethnocentrism in Singapore. The Chinese majority could have imposed their language by law but that could lead to resentment from the Malay and the Hindi sections of the population. So every student is required to choose one indigenous language to master along with English. You think that Africans are smarter than those who promote literacy in their indigenous tongues? Africans are proud to call themselves Francophone, Anglophone, Lusophone, Arabicphone, anything but Afrophone?Remember that the Africans who built the pyramids and obelisks, embalmed their dead for thjousands of years, sculpted the roped pot of Igbo Ukwu, the bronze horsemen of Benin, and Ori Olokun, and cured the fine leather of the Hausa that the Europeans craved as Moroccan leather, all relied on their indigenous tongues as factors of production. Today we import everything from chalks to tooth picks.In the Caribbean where I lived for three years and wanted to kiss every inch of that land of giants, they speak English enough as a mother tongue after centuries of chopping off of the African tongues but they have also developed their original creole or patois as the language of creativity just like the less educated in Africa who continue to amaze us with their inventiveness.You may be right that what made those Caribbean countries more attractive to African medical doctors and professors who migrated there in droves is the fact that they are all placed on the HDI table as medium or high human development countries mainly because they have attained almost 100% literacy among men and women whereas Africans hug the bottom of the tables due to mass illiteracy even in the mother tongues. To neglect the language of the people is the same as neglecting land, funding, labor, and pubic policy.You seem to think that all that counts is pubic policy but I am convinced that the people have relative autonomy in the area of language. Big up our mothers for teaching us our Mother Tongues without any wages from the government. We are now among the leaders that we like to criticize from a distance. Nothing stops Farroq and Moses from showing leadership by writing at least one miserly paper in their mother tongues. Do not be afraid that just because today is Halloween, the white witches will cut out your tongues if you dare write anything in Birom, Tiv, Igbo, Yoruba, Nupe, Efik, Ijaw, Hausa or Fulfube. No shaking. Even pidgin no go hurt, wallahi. Eziokwu. You hear?:The Irish suffered British colonization that resulted in a man-made famine resulting from their loss of control over all the factors of production, including language. Surely, they produced fine writers in English but they remained exploited until their successful restoration of independence. Today, Gaelic is a national language and road signs, writing and learning are officially promoted in Gaelic. Their industrialization has actually advanced faster in the 100 years of independence compared to the centuries of British rule under imposed Englishness. The Welsh are restoring teaching and learning for similar reasons. The Scots will probably do the same.Ethiopia was an empire and so the imposition of Amharic on everyone would also stifle creativity. The imposition of Arabic would similarly slow down creativity in non-Arabic areas. North Korea, Vietnam, India, and Pakistan are developing countries but I am sure that many Africans envy their levels of advancement in science and technology for we hear that less wealthy Nigerians seek medical treatment over there.Your defense of English as the sole lingua franca of the world is what you should call 'crude linguistic determinism' because it lacks significant empirical evidence. US universities require competence in any other modern language, by which they mean any other European language. As a linguist, have you ever recommended that African languages be taught on your campus since they remain modern languages too?Walter Rodney recognized this problem in HEUA by observing that Bemba children in Zambia used to know the names of up to 60 different plants by age six until they were colonized and the colonial school started teaching them only the names of roses and daffodils that are not relevant to the slash and burn agriculture which required knowledge of the plants to decide which to cut and which to spare during farming.Six thousand languages shared among seven billion people is not even one apiece. Yes, let us develop learning in the 2000 languages in Africa. The world will be a very oppressive place if all other languages are bulldozed to make room for imperial English. The Tower of Babel forbade such monolingualism. Let those who are comfortable writing in the colonial languages carry on but those who are literate in indigenous languages should not be shamed or deterred by the fear of lack of recognition from the Queen of England. There will be translations into dozens of other languages.Ngugi is right that we need to decolonize our minds by showing some more respect to the tongues of our mothers. It will not hurt your productivity if you can arrange for some of your books to be translated into African languages. You are right that what is said is more important than the tongue used but why should Africans who fist developed human language and passed it on to al of humanity, according to Chomsky, allow our own modern languages to die in return for more recognition to be shown to our Eurocentric scholars? The world forbids such lingocide.BikoOn Saturday, 31 October 2020, 15:13:16 GMT-4, Farooq A. Kperogi <farooqkperogi@gmail.com> wrote:Oga Biko,You are engaging in what book people dey call vulgar linguistic determinism. The idea that societies develop only when their citizens are educated in their native languages is anchored on the unscientific notion that the human brain is inescapably wired to think transformative thoughts only in the language of its natal environment. Both the history and sociology of human civilization have shown this to be entirely false.Ethiopians (and Eritreans) weren't colonized like the rest of Africa (except for the brief Italian occupation of the region), have educated their people mostly in Amharic, which is native to the region but which isn't everyone's native language, but I won't call them "developed."You lived considerably in the Caribbean. Black people there speak English as a native language even though they are Africans. Would you regard them as speaking a "colonizer's" language? Many educated Africans think more clearly in the colonial languages with which they are educated than in their own native languages. Do you consider them handicapped--and, perhaps, worthless-- because their thoughts and scientific contributions aren't in their native languages?In other words, is the output less important than the language of the output? If education in native languages is the only guarantee of development, are you suggesting that for the world to develop we must have more than 6,000 education systems in the world since there are more than 6,000 living languages in the world?Or do you consider a language "native" just because it's native to a country even if non-native speakers in the country have to learn it like they learn a colonial language? If yes, why should an Ogoni woman learn Ijaw and deploy it as her language of instruction at school? What advantage would the Ijaw-educated Ogoni woman have over a Kanuri man who was educated in a colonizer's language?You singled out Singapore as an exception even though you had claimed definitively that no country on earth has ever developed using a foreign language. Well, Singapore isn't an exception. I also mentioned Ireland, but you seem to have ignored it.Western Europe, too, used Latin for education for a long time even though most West Europeans didn't speak Latin natively. I didn't hurt their development one bit. The Muslim world used Arabic for education for centuries even though only a fraction of Muslims speak Arabic natively. Most of the Muslim scholars who made enduring contributions to science, medicine, mathematics, etc. were educated in Arabic even though they were not Arabs and didn't speak Arabic natively.Language of education has no bearing on development.Here's a portion of the column you said you don't have the time to read:Nations that developed using foreign languagesIt's a well-worn cliché among dewy-eyed linguistic nationalists that indigenous language instruction is the only key to national development. There are several iterations of this sentiment.For instance, in a 2016 edited book titled Studies in Nigerian Linguistics, Philip Anagbogu and Gideon Omachonu contributed a chapter in which they claim that, "No nation has ever made appreciable progress in development as well as science and technology education relying on a foreign language(s)."One Professor Birgit Brock-Utne, a Norwegian who taught and lived in Tanzania for a long time, also claimed that, "No country has ever developed on the basis of a foreign language." But these essentialist claims have no basis in linguistic or historical evidence.Evidence from linguistic research (and, I might add, common sense) shows that no one is infrangibly wired to cogitate rarefied thoughts only in their native language. Societies don't develop because they use their primordial languages for education, nor do they stagnate because they deploy a foreign language for education. That's vulgar linguistic determinism. Development isn't solely a function of language of instruction at schools; it's a consequence of a multiplicity of factors.There are 6,909 living languages in the world. The linguistic deterministic thesis of development that holds that societies can only develop if they use their indigenous languages for instruction at schools would suggest that speakers of all the 6,909 living languages in the world should have their separate instructional policies based on their languages. What a babel that would be!History is littered with examples of countries that developed on the basis of a foreign language.Let's start with Europe. Scholarship in Latin, that is, Classical Latin, is the foundation of the development of Western Europe. Latin wasn't native to vast swathes of people in Europe. It was an exclusive elite language, a reason all other European languages at the time were called "vernacular languages." Latin was the language of education in Europe (including in North Africa where it was studied in schools until the Roman Empire waned) until about the second half of the 18th century.European development wasn't stalled because people learned and used Latin for scholarship; on the contrary, scholarship in Latin is the foundation for Western Europe's development. It isn't because there is something intrinsically superior or magical about Latin; it's simply because, for historical reasons, it was the vault of knowledge at the time—the way English is today.In the Muslim world, particularly from the 8th century to the 13th century, during the so-called Golden Age of Islam when science, mathematics, astronomy, medicine, economic development, etc. grew and flowered luxuriantly, the language of scholarship was Arabic, but several of the key personages associated with this golden age spoke Arabic as a second language.For example, Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Kwarizmi, the father of algorithm, spoke Farsi as his first language, but his language of education was Arabic. That didn't stop him from making profound contributions to knowledge and to development. Note that Farsi (Persian) and Arabic are not only mutually unintelligible languages, they also belong to two different language families. Persian is an Indo-European language (in common with English!) while Arabic is an Afro-Asiatic language (in common with Hausa!)Ibn Sina, through whose efforts the West recovered Aristotle and whose work in medical science is foundational, was also a Persian who learned and wrote in Arabic. Arabic was a second language to him. I can go on, but the point I want to make is that several of the central figures in Islam's golden age weren't native Arabic speakers. In fact, most people in the Muslim Ummah at the time weren't Arabs. But Arabic was the language of education. It was the epistemic storehouse of the time, and the fact of Arabic's foreignness didn't cause it to halt the development of the societies in which it was used.For modern examples of countries that developed using a foreign language, Singapore is one. Although most Singaporeans are ethnically Chinese, they use English as the language of instruction at all levels of education in their country. Singapore, not long ago, transitioned from "third world to first," to borrow from the title of late Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew's book. Use of English as the language of education hasn't stalled Singapore's development.Ireland is another example. For long, it was Europe's fastest growing economy because of its advances in information and communication technology. Ireland's language of instruction at all levels of education is English even though English isn't "native" to the country. The country's "native" tongue is Gaelic, which is mutually unintelligible with English. Like Nigeria and Singapore, Ireland was colonized by England.In addition, several universities in Asia and Europe are now switching to English as their language of instruction. They aren't stupid.On the other hand, North Koreans, Vietnamese, Pakistanis, Mongolians, etc., use their native languages as their countries' official languages and as the languages of instruction at all levels of education. That hasn't guaranteed their development. So it is simplistic to assert that simply being educated in a native language is all that is needed to be developed, and that use of a foreign language forecloses development.As I pointed out earlier, although evidence suggests that mother-tongue instruction enhances learning, no human being is intrinsically and inexorably wired to conceptualize high-minded thoughts in just one language, or only in the language of the culture they grew up in. Nigeria isn't stuck in prolonged infancy because English is its official language; it is because it has had no purposeful, forward-looking, transaction-oriented leadership since independence.Farooq A. Kperogi, Ph.D.School of Communication & MediaSocial Science BuildingRoom 5092 MD 2207402 Bartow Avenue
Kennesaw State UniversityKennesaw, Georgia, USA 30144
Cell: (+1) 404-573-9697
Personal website: www.farooqkperogi.comTwitter: @farooqkperogiNigeria's Digital Diaspora: Citizen Media, Democracy, and Participation
"The nice thing about pessimism is that you are constantly being either proven right or pleasantly surprised." G. F. Will--On Sat, Oct 31, 2020 at 11:30 AM 'Biko Agozino' via USA Africa Dialogue Series <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com> wrote:--Bro Farooq,I go read your dogo nturenchi later but I agree with you that every rule has exceptions. Singapore has a dual language policy that emphasizes English in addition to one other national language as a requirement for every student. India only started implementing indigenous languages of instruction this year perhaps to catch up with China. Afghans are often more fluent in Urdu than in Pashwa as a result of large-scale refugee problems. On the exceptional case of Pakistan which remains a poor country toying with nuclear weapons, here is an author who has studied it in detail in indirect support of my lice theory: Pakistan ruined by language mythOn Saturday, 31 October 2020, 04:33:10 GMT-4, Farooq A. Kperogi <farooqkperogi@gmail.com> wrote:"No country has ever industrialized by relying on a language imposed by colonizers. Name ne. That may be part of the reasons why Africa struggles with industrialization."--Biko AgozinoThat's demonstrably inaccurate. I confronted this misconception in many previous columns such as my April 9, 2017 column titled, "English, Indigenous Language Instruction and National Development" and my April 23, 2017 column titled "English in Nigeria: India Not an Exemplary Model."Singapore, Ireland, etc. have developed with a colonial language and Afghanistan, Pakistan, etc. are still developing even though they deploy indigenous languages for instructions at all levels of education. India's development isn't powered by Hindi; it is powered by English. Read the articles.Farooq
Farooq A. Kperogi, Ph.D.School of Communication & MediaSocial Science BuildingRoom 5092 MD 2207402 Bartow Avenue
Kennesaw State UniversityKennesaw, Georgia, USA 30144
Cell: (+1) 404-573-9697
Personal website: www.farooqkperogi.comTwitter: @farooqkperogiNigeria's Digital Diaspora: Citizen Media, Democracy, and Participation
"The nice thing about pessimism is that you are constantly being either proven right or pleasantly surprised." G. F. Will--On Fri, Oct 30, 2020 at 10:27 PM 'Biko Agozino' via USA Africa Dialogue Series <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com> wrote:--'Which is why I have no sympathy for the pseudo-Afrocentric nonsense that English (or other European languages) is not our mother tongue so proficiency, fluency, and mastery are not important.'Only a pseudo-Afrocentric scholar would say that rigorous theorizing in English is not important. Almost all Afrocentric writers develop their thoughts in English, French, Portuguese or Espanol. There is no existing Afrocenrtic theorist who is rejected by Eurocentric scholars because he/she writes bad English. Name one.By coincidence, I also Zoomed with the UNN Faculty of Social Science during their Virtual International Conference on Crucial Issues in African Development and the Sustainable Development Goals on Wednesday 10/28/20. My guest lecture on Linguistic Industrial Complex Economy (LICE) offered a head-scratching theory of industrialization based on the empirical observation that almost all countries that have industrialized did so by relying on their indigenous languages. No country has ever industrialized by relying on a language imposed by colonizers. Name ne. That may be part of the reasons why Africa struggles with industrialization.Moses may be right that English is the dominant language in world commerce today and the top universities in the world rankings are English language universities. Yet, Japan, Russia, Germany, France, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, NorwaY, China, and Korea remain competitive because they realized that language is a neglected factor of production as important as land, labor, and capital. Correct grammar is important even when we write in indigenous languages but to abandon our mother tongues would be to abandon a vital source of creativity in the arts but also in the sciences. Ngugi is right.Fea Kuti broke through when he abandoned Oyibo grammatical songs and embraced Naija pidgin. Ebenezer Obey, King Sunnu Ade, Osita Osadebe, Oriental Brothers, Oliver de Coque, Mike Ejeagha, Rex Lawson, Bob Marley, Makeba, Bright Chimezie, Mighty Sparrow, gospel singers, Hip Hop and Calypso artists, to mention but a few, all developed new musical genres by abandoning Queen's English. Those of us who were trained to be signifying monkeys mimicking Englishness have managed to develop or innovate zero musical styles and very few theories for some reason.The question is, what are the new musical theories developed by African universities that Europeans have failed to accept? African scholars are versed in the descriptive tradition of empiricism but fail in advancing original theories in most cases. That was why I answered a question from the audience during my Zoom by encouraging thescholars to take up the challenge of developing their own original theories in order to be noticed internationally because the leading lights in every discipline are theorists. I encouraged them to establish a journal of Nigerian Languages where original research in any discipline written in indigenous languages would be published and I asked them to endow a prize for the best dissertation in any discipline written entirely in indigenous languages. This is something that we can do without waiting for the government.The idea that Africans do not write well is a racist idea that goes back to Hegel in his Philosophy of History. He did not say that others do not write, he only claimed that Europeans write better history. Derrida pointed this out in Of Grammatology by stating that even according to Hegel, every culture writes, in the general sense of grammatology as the use of signs to represent speech. To claim that Africans do not write well when we write in our indigenous languages while discussing musical theory about work that is written predominantly in African indigenous languages is an attempt at conceptual colonization or epistemicide. Africans practically invented writing. Na lie?Even if your grammar spills verbs the way that Amos Tutuola and Chief Zebrudaya did, even if your subjects did not agree with your verbs, Martin Luther King Jr said that you can still serve your community. Mazrui was dead wrong when he identified himself and his children as Afro Saxons and said that a bad idea expressed in good English was better than a good idea expressed in bad English. Na lie o.BikoOn Friday, 30 October 2020, 18:35:29 GMT-4, Toyin Falola <toyinfalola@austin.utexas.edu> wrote:Moses:
Do they really say that "so proficiency, fluency, and mastery are not important?"
Or
That we should use our mother tongues at the primary level, at the very list, and promote African languages? Ngugi recently won the prize in Swahili, and his recent novel is written in English.
Which is why I have no sympathy for the pseudo-Afrocentric nonsense that English (or other European languages) is not our mother tongue so proficiency, fluency, and mastery are not important.
From: usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>
Date: Friday, October 30, 2020 at 5:28 PM
To: USAAfricaDialogue <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>
Subject: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Note on Theoretical Marginalization and Language
One of the questions put to me during the session is how the marginalized theoretical and scholarly perspectives of Nigeria/Africa can receive serious reception and respect in a global (read Western-dominated) academic culture that devalues Global South thinkers and thinking by default and values Euro-American ones also by default.
There are several strategies, some of which I shared with the group, but one aspect of the answer that I didn't get to cover adequately is that of language. In my experience the cheapest, easiest excuse that the Western academy uses to exclude and disenfranchise African scholars and their perspectives is to say that their writing is poor—that they can't write.
There are of course all kinds of racist and othering underpinnings to this tactic, but sometimes the excuse is based on an actually existing writing deficit. And I would argue, following our late friend, Pius Adesanmi, that to be taken seriously and be reckoned with in the Western academy, we have to write back to Western theorists as insurgents bypassing and crashing the gates and gatekeepers but we have to do so in a language that is intelligible to the gatekeepers, in their own academic lexicon. That way, you take that go-to alibi off the table and compel them to examine and engage with your work on its merit.
You can have, as Africa-based scholars often do, radical, iconoclastic, novel, and revisionist perspectives, theories, and approaches, but if you do not deprive your Western interlocutors of the poor writing excuse, they'll always use it to exclude you.
That is why I emphasize linguistic mastery and writing excellence, and lament the decline of writing in Nigerian universities. If the writing is bad no one is going to grasp or have the patience to comprehend the radically new theory and argument you're advancing. And this contention applies to all disciplines, including the hard sciences.
Which is why I have no sympathy for the pseudo-Afrocentric nonsense that English (or other European languages) is not our mother tongue so proficiency, fluency, and mastery are not important. Whether we like it or not, English is the scholarly Lingua Franca of the world we live in and your access to global scholarly conversations and intellectual capital is directly proportional to your written and oral fluency in it. Ask the South Asian scholars of the subaltern collective how they broke through and forced their theories on the Western academy after going through a similar complaining phase as us.
More importantly, if we're asking for a hearing at the theoretical table, it is not compromise or self-betrayal to adopt the prevailing paradigmatic linguistic medium. After all, we're the ones seeking to alter the global epistemological dynamic, force a reckoning with African and Africa-derived theories, and teach Western scholars our ways of knowing and seeing the world.
--
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