RE: USA Africa Dialogue Series - I Hope All Afro-Peruvians Go Out AndVote For Humala

Good Greetings Mwalimu Fenyo:

Thanks a heap for your inquiry. The following are my answers to your two
very important questions:

(1) Briefly stated, a Phoneme, according to the traditional phonological
theory known as Phonemics or Phonemic Phonology, is the smallest unit in
the sound system of a language. The variant forms of a Phoneme are refereed
to as Allophones. When a group of segments have the same distinctive
features in a particular language, they form a single Phoneme of that
language. A segment is a single speech sound (in any language), while a
Phoneme is a group of segments which function as one unit in a language.
For example, the English Phoneme /t/ includes the explosive [t^h] of Tim
and the non-explosive [t] of mitt. The Phoneme /i/ includes both nasalized
[i] and non-nassalized [i]. The Phoneme /m/ includes both longer and
shorter segments [m:] and [m]. I will stop here, as Phonemics is a very
extensive subfield in Linguistics.

(2) Yes, it is correct that the Protolanguage originated in Southwest
Africa. The recent story in the New York Times is nothing new to us
linguists. In fact, a lengthier and more substantive 10-page article on the
topic was published in the November 5, 1990 US News and World Report. It
may be difficult to get it without a visit to a library or an archive. The
leading scholars in the field are Soviet/Russian linguistic
paleoanthropologists. They have reconstructed pathways by which the world's
roughly 5,000 languages arose from the Protolanguage by examining the words
in activities for survival such as eating, farming, reporting weather and
climatic changes, etc. For example: Haku > Hawk > Kwa > Hakw > Aqua >
Wazzar > Water. Another example: Hita > Hit > Ita > Hed > Edmenai > Edere >
Ezzan > Eat. One more example: Kujan > Kuyna > Kuon > Hound.

I hope the preceding is helpful.

In Peace Always,
Karim/.

> [Original Message]
> From: Mario Fenyo <MFenyo@bowiestate.edu>
> To: <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>
> Date: 4/16/2011 4:08:36 PM
> Subject: RE: USA Africa Dialogue Series - I Hope All Afro-Peruvians Go
Out AndVote For Humala
>
> Brother Bangura
>
> what exactly is a "phoneme"? Did the proto-language originate in
Southwest Africa ?
>
> Dr. Mario D. Fenyo
> University Professor of American History
> Department of History and Government
> Bowie State University
> Bowie, MD 20715
> USA
>
> ________________________________
>
> From: usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com on behalf of Abdul Bangura
> Sent: Mon 4/11/2011 9:48 AM
> To: USAAfricaDialogue@googlegroups.com
> Cc: leonenet
> Subject: USA Africa Dialogue Series - I Hope All Afro-Peruvians Go Out
And Vote For Humala
>
>
>
> Monday, April 11, 2011 12:32:00 AM EDT
>
>
> Leftist ex-officer tops Peru vote, heads to runoff
>
>
>
> Photo: AP
>
> LIMA, Peru (AP) - Peru's voters will choose between an ex-army officer
who vows to redistribute the nation's wealth and the daughter of
incarcerated former President Alberto Fujimori when they vote for a new
president in a June runoff, unofficial results show.
>
> The outcome of Sunday's election - in which three less-polemical
candidates collectively captured 44 percent but canceled each other out -
reflects the disarray that has plagued Peruvian politics since Fujimori's
1990 emergence from obscurity.
>
> His daughter, Keiko Fujimori, could end up beating Ollanta Humala in the
June 5 runoff, as Humala was the lone candidate advocating a greater state
role in the economy to provide poor Peruvians with a greater share of the
country's mining riches.
>
> The ex-army lieutenant colonel also won the first round in Peru's 2006
presidential vote but was defeated 53 percent to 47 percent by Alan Garcia
in a runoff widely seen as a rebuff to Hugo Chavez, who had openly backed
him.
>
> This time, Humala distanced himself from the leftist Venezuelan
president, while Fujimori backed away from vows to pardon her father she
made two years ago when he was convicted of approving death squad killings
and sentenced to 25 years in prison.
>
> Nobel literature laureate Mario Vargas Llosa had called the
Humala-Fujimori runoff option "a choice between AIDS and terminal cancer,"
given perceptions of their anti-democratic tendencies.
>
> The official vote count was slow, but complete unofficial results
provided by nonprofit electoral watchdog Transparencia gave Humala 31.7
percent - well short of the simple majority needed to win outright.
>
> Keiko Fujimori - whose father Peruvians alternately esteem and revile -
got 23.3 percent, trailed by Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, a 72-year-old former
World Bank economist and investment banker, with 18.3 percent.
>
> In fourth was Alejandro Toledo, Peru's president from 2001-2006, with
15.9 percent. Former Lima Mayor Luis Castaneda was fifth with 9.9 percent.
>
> Pre-election polls had indicated either Toledo or Castenda would defeat
Humala in a second round while Kuczynski and Fujimori would have a harder
time.
>
> George Mason University political scientist Jo-Marie Burt said Sunday's
outcome puts Peru on "a really terrible road and I think it shows how weak
the whole political system really is." Politics in this resource-rich
Andean nation have been chaotic since its traditional parties were unable
to cope with civil war and hyperinflation in the late 1980s and all but
dissolved.
>
> "There is a lot to admire about Peru but its political class is not among
its strongest assets," said Michael Shifter, president of the nonpartisan
Inter-American Dialogue think tank. "It is a country of paradoxes and
contradictions - impressively robust growth but precarious politics. In
this election, the extremes came out on top."
>
> "There was a chance to embrace a moderate, middle ground, but that
opportunity slipped away," he said.
>
> Humala has spooked foreign investors by promising to divert natural gas
exports to the domestic market and obtain greater royalties from foreign
investors in Peru's mineral wealth. He called his victory proof that
Peruvians "want a great transformation."
>
> Peru is a top exporter of copper, gold and silver, commodities whose
rising prices have helped fuel economic growth averaging 7 percent during
Garcia's tenure. But it is a growth that has hardly trickled down to the
poor.
>
> Eliminated candidate Toledo said voters simply "expressed their rage ...
at having economic growth without the distribution of the benefits of that
growth."
>
> Keiko Fujimori constantly invoked her father during the campaign, running
on his legacy of delivering essential services to Peru's forgotten
backwater and of being tough on crime. It's a potent message in a nation 30
million where one in three live on less than $3 a day and lack running
water, and the murder rate doubled under Garcia.
>
> During her victory speech from the terrace of a downtown hotel, jubilant
supporters changed "Chino. Chino. Chino," her father's popular nickname.
>
> She thanked him and sought to dispel concerns of a return to
authoritarian rule: "We are going to work my dear friends with absolute
respect for democracy, press freedom, human rights and the rule of law."
>
> Peru ranks 13th out of 17 countries in the region in citizen access to
social services, according to the World Bank. In the country's rural
highlands, where both Humala and Fujimori ran strongly, 66 percent of
Peruvians live in poverty, half in extreme poverty, it says.
>
> Kuczynski, a German immigrant's son who was economics and prime minister
under Toledo, climbed into contention in the campaign's final weeks. But
the perception of him as the candidate of big foreign capital hurt him.
>
> Toledo had led in the polls until late March, when Humala overtook him.
His voters also defected to Kuczynski.
>
> Humala, 48, made promises similar to those of Keiko Fujimori: free
nursery school and public education, state-funded school breakfasts and
lunches, a big boost in the minimum wage, and pensions for all beginning at
age 65.
>
> He says he would respect international treaties and contracts, but many
Peruvians don't believe him.
>
> Humala, who launched a bloodless, short-lived revolt against Alberto
Fujimori just before the latter fled into exile in 2000, advocates
rewriting the constitution, as Chavez and his leftist allies in Bolivia and
Ecuador have done.
>
> He says it will make it easier to enact reforms - vowing not to seek
re-election, as Chavez and the Bolivian and Ecuadorean leaders have.
>
> Fujimori has a rock-solid constituency thanks to her father's defeat of
the Maoist-inspired Shining Path insurgency, taming of hyperinflation in
the 1990s and social agenda.
>
> "Because of him we are free. Because of him we're at peace," said Luz
Montesino, a 60-year-old bakery owner who voted at a school built during
his presidency.
>
> Like other Fujimori voters, she was not bothered by the dark,
authoritarian side of the Fujimori legacy - including Alberto's shutting
down of Congress in 1992.
>
> Nor do Keiko Fujimori backers seem concerned by critics' fears Keiko
would pardon her father, and he'll call the shots in her presidency.
>
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