From: Rex Marinus rexmarinus@hotmail.com [NaijaObserver] <NaijaObserver@yahoogroups.com>
Date: 24 March 2016 at 18:55
Subject: ||NaijaObserver|| Re: [africanworldforum] Re: Benin City - Lost without trace
"Obi Nwakanma is COMPLETELY WRONG in EVERY material particular; and limiting this to India:
It is NOT TRUE that , "by 1975, the Indian Parliament abolished all the claimants to crowns in India……." What happened was SPECIFICALLY restricted to relations between India and Sikkim."
-Leye Ige
Leye Ige, I take it that you have never heard about the Indian Act of Accession, and about the "Privy purse." In which case you'd need to be less certain about your pronouncements. Here are the basic facts. There were about 565 "Princely States" which were governed as subsidiary states under a British Paramountcy in India. They were ruled under what we called the "indirect rule." By 1947, following the Indian Independence Act when they British were about to leave, the question arose about what to do with them, given that many of these were embedded inside the Indian Dominion itself and could not be partitioned. These kingdoms elected, based on the "Act of Accession" to join the Federation of India. Here is one example, published in Wikipedia of that declaration of Accession:
"Among the more momentous of such accessions was that executed by Maharaja Hari Singh, ruler of the State of Jammu and Kashmir, on 26 October 1947. It gave control of Jammu and Kashmir to the government of India. The accession of Jammu and Kashmir was accepted by Lord Mountbatten of Burma, Governor-General of India, on 27 October 1947. The text (excluding the schedule mentioned in its third point) is as follows:[1]
" Whereas the Indian Independence Act 1947, provides that as from the fifteenth day of August, 1947, there shall be set up an Independent Dominion known as India, and that the Government of India Act, 1935 shall, with such omission, additions, adaptations and modifications as the governor-general may by order specify, be applicable to the Dominion of India.
And whereas the Government of India Act, 1935, as so adapted by the governor-general, provides that an Indian State may accede to the Dominion of India by an Instrument of Accession executed by the Ruler thereof.
Now, therefore, I Shriman Inder Mahander Rajrajeswar Maharajadhiraj Shri Hari Singhji, Jammu and Kashmir Naresh Tatha Tibbetadi Deshadhipathi, Ruler of Jammu and Kashmir State, in the exercise of my sovereignty in and over my said State do hereby execute this my Instrument of Accession and
1.I hereby declare that I accede to the Dominion of India with the intent that the governor-general of India, the Dominion Legislature, the Federal Court and any other Dominion authority established for the purposes of the Dominion shall, by virtue of this my Instrument of Accession but subject always to the terms thereof, and for the purposes only of the Dominion, exercise in relation to the State of Jammu and Kashmir (hereinafter referred to as "this State") such functions as may be vested in them by or under the Government of India Act, 1935, as in force in the Dominion of India, on the 15th day of August, 1947, (which Act as so in force is hereafter referred to as "the Act").
2.I hereby assume the obligation of ensuring that due effect is given to the provisions of the ACT within this state so far as they are applicable therein by virtue of this my Instrument of Accession.
3.I accept the matters specified in the schedule hereto as the matters with respect to which the Dominion Legislatures may make laws for this state.
4.I hereby declare that I accede to the Dominion of India on the assurance that if an agreement is made between the Governor General and the ruler of this state whereby any functions in relation to the administration in this state of any law of the Dominion Legislature shall be exercised by the ruler of this state, then any such agreement shall be deem to form part of this Instrument and shall be construed and have effect accordingly.
5.The terms of this my Instrument of accession shall not be varied by any amendment of the Act or of the Indian Independence Act, 1947 unless such amendment is accepted by me by an Instrument supplementary to this Instrument.
6.Nothing in this Instrument shall empower the Dominion Legislature to make any law for this state authorizing the compulsory acquisition of land for any purpose, but I hereby undertake that should the Dominion for the purposes of a Dominion law which applies in this state deem it necessary to acquire any land, I will at their request acquire the land at their expense or if the land belongs to me transfer it to them on such terms as may be agreed, or, in default of agreement, determined by an arbitrator to be appointed by the Chief Justice Of India.
7.Nothing in this Instrument shall be deemed to commit me in any way to acceptance of any future constitution of India or to fetter my discretion to enter in to arrangements with the Government of India under any such future constitution.
8.Nothing in this Instrument affects the continuance of my sovereignty in and over this state, or, save as provided by or under this Instrument, the exercise of any powers, authority and rights now enjoyed by me as Ruler of this state or the validity of any law at present in force in this state.
9.I hereby declare that I execute this Instrument on behalf of this state and that any reference in this Instrument to me or to the ruler of the state is to be construed as including to my heirs and successors.
Given under my hand this 26th day of OCTOBER nineteen hundred and forty seven.
Hari Singh
Maharajadhiraj of Jammu and Kashmir State.
I do hereby accept this Instrument of Accession. Dated this twenty seventh day of October, nineteen hundred and forty seven.
(Mountbatten of Burma, Governor General of India)." (Quoted from Wikipedia)
So you see, it was not only Sikkim that was in question. It was all those 565 "Princely States" governed indirectly by the British Raj. Among the agreements reached following accession was that these "Royal Houses" will keep their privileges and be paid/maintained by the inheritor state, the Federation of India, under the "Privy Purse." Here again, because Wikipedia is your favorite source of info, is what is says about the "Privy Purse":
"In India, the Privy Purse was a payment made to the royal families of erstwhile princely states as part of their agreements to first integrate with India in 1947, and later to merge their states in 1949 whereby they lost all ruling rights. The Privy Purse was continued to the royal families until the 26th Amendment in 1971, by which all their privileges and allowances from the Central Government would cease to exist, was implemented after a two-year legal battle.[1] In some individual cases however privy purses were continued for life for individuals who had held ruling powers before 1947.[2]" (Wikipedia). By 1971, Indira Ghandi had forced an end to the continuous payment of and maintenance of these "Royal highnesses", using the "26th Amendment" which basically stripped these princes of their titles. By 1975, there were no more claimants to any crown in the Federal Republic of India. I hope this is clear.
Obi Nwakanma
________________________________________
From: africanworldforum@googlegroups.com <africanworldforum@googlegroups.com> on behalf of 'Leye Ige' via AfricanWorldForum <africanworldforum@googlegroups.com>
Sent: Thursday, March 24, 2016 3:14 AM
To: vincentotuonye@msn.com; africanworldforum@googlegroups.com; NIgerianWorldForum@yahoogroups.com
Cc: develop-nigeria@googlegroups.com; nigerianworldforum@yahoogroups.com; naijapolitics@yahoogroups.com; iguade@hotmail.com; pobazee@yahoo.com; Igbo Events; igboworldforum@yahoogroups.com; naijaobserver; omo oodua
Subject: [africanworldforum] Re: Benin City - Lost without trace
"I should also let you know, that this question confronted India in its postcolonial life, and by 1975, the Indian Parliament abolished all the claimants to crowns in India, and unified the republic under one, common law. India had older, more majestic, and more splendid and historical "traditional rulers," and Lugard learned Indirect rule from its original practice in India."—Obi Nwakanma
Obi Nwakanma is COMPLETELY WRONG in EVERY material particular; and limiting this to India:
It is NOT TRUE that , "by 1975, the Indian Parliament abolished all the claimants to crowns in India……." What happened was SPECIFICALLY restricted to relations between India and Sikkim. Here is an excerpt:
Independent monarchy
Sikkim had retained guarantees of independence from Britain when she became independent, and such guarantees were transferred to the Indian government when it gained independence in 1947. A popular vote for Sikkim to join the Indian Union failed and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru agreed to a special protectorate status for Sikkim. Sikkim was to be a tributary of India, in which India controlled its external defence, diplomacy and communication. A state council was established in 1953 to allow for constitutional government for the Chogyal, which was sustained until 1973.
In 1962, India and the People's Republic of China went to war. Although Sikkim was an independent country, skirmishes occurred at the Nathula Pass between Indian border guards and the Chinese soldiers. After the war, the ancient pass was shut down (it reopened July 6, 2006).
The old ruler Tashi Namgyal died in 1963 after suffering from cancer. The last hereditary ruler, the Chogyal Palden Thondup Namgyal, ascended to the throne in 1965. Trouble began to brew for the crown even before the Chogyal assumed the throne, as Indian Prime Minister Nehru, who had carefully preserved Sikkim's status as an independent protectorate, died in 1964. His daughter Indira Gandhi, who became Prime Minister in 1966, would have little patience for maintaining an independent Sikkim or its monarchy. The chogyal, who responded to the increased pressure by drinking, was viewed by India as politically dangerous, especially after his wife, the American socialite Hope Cooke, published a journal article advocating a return of certain former Sikkimese properties.
In 1967, the People's Republic of China sent its troops to lay claim to Sikkim, which was then a protectorate of India. The Indian Army won a decisive victory in the resulting conflict which later came to be known as the Chola incident. As a result, China withdrew its claim to Sikkim.
In early 1970 the anti-monarchy Sikkim National Congress Party demanded fresh elections and greater representation for the Nepalese.
In 1973, anti-royalty riots in front of the palace led to a formal request for protection from India. India worried that an unstable Sikkim would invite China to act on its claims that Sikkim was part of Tibet, and therefore part of China. The Indian government appointed a Chief administrator, Mr. B. S. Das, who effectively wrested control of the country away from the Chogyal.
Frosty relations between the Chogyal and the elected Kazi (Prime Minister) Lhendup Dorji resulted in an attempt to block the meeting of the legislature. The Kazi was elected by the Council of Ministers which was unanimous in its opposition to the retention of the Monarchy.
Indian reserve police were moved in and took control of the streets of Gangtok, after the Indian Army placed the palace of the Chogyal under siege, the borders were closed and little was known until American climber Caril Ridley happened into the capital and was able to smuggle photos and legal documentation out. When confirmed by China, India's actions were brought into the spotlight of world awareness, However history had already been written and matters came to a head in 1975, when Prime Minister Dorji appealed to the Indian Parliament for representation and change of status to statehood. On April 14, 1975, a referendum was held, in which Sikkim voted to merge with the union of India. Sikkim became the 22nd Indian State on April 26, 1975. On May 16, 1975, Sikkim officially became a state of the Indian Union and Lhendup Dorji became head of State (chief minister).
The position of Chogyal was thus abolished, ending the monarchy. In 1982, Palden Thondup died of cancer in the United States. More can be read here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sikkim
Further reading:
Kingdoms and empires of India
The decline of the Mughal Empire
Throughout the rule of the Mughal Empire, most of India enjoyed peace and stability. Aurangzeb became ruler in 1658 and was one of the last Mughal Emperors. He was a devoted Muslim and disagreed with the religious tolerance that Akbar had established. Aurangzeb re-introduced the jiyza tax for non-Muslims and destroyed many Hindu temples and works of art. Under Aurangzeb, non-Muslims were required to live under Muslim law and conversion to Islam was promoted. Many states rebelled against his rule and these rebellions weakened the Mughal Empire.
The Mughal Empire had grown dramatically and Aurangzeb's successors were unable to retain control of it. The empire effectively ended when the British took control in 1857.
http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/india/before.html
After the fall of the Mughal empire and British take over, the "monarchs" were actually BRITISH MONARCHS:
Dominion of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
India,[1] also known as the Dominion of India (Hindi: भारत अधिराज्य, Bhārata Adhirājya) was a predecessor to the modern-day Republic of India and an independent state that existed between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950. It was transformed into the Republic of India by the promulgation of the Constitution of India on 26 January 1950.[2]
George VI was the king (the head of state) and was represented by the Governor-General of India. However, the governor-general was not designated viceroy, as had been customary under the British Raj. Two governors-general held office in India during the Dominion period (after the office of Viceroy was abolished by the Indian Independence Act 1947): Mountbatten of Burma (1947–48) and Chakravarti Rajagopalachari (1948–50). Jawaharlal Nehru held office as prime minister formerly as Secretary for State (the head of government) of the Union of India throughout this period.
Monarchy
Standard of the Governor-General (1947–1950)
The sovereign and head of state of the dominion of India was a hereditary monarch, George VI, who was also the sovereign of the United Kingdom and the other dominions in the British Commonwealth of Nations. His constitutional roles were mostly carried out by the Governor-General of India. The royal succession was governed by the Act of Settlement 1701.
The monarchy was abolished on 26 January 1950, when India became a republic within the Commonwealth, the first Commonwealth country to do so.
List of Indian monarchs
The King in relation to independent India held the following official style and titles:
• 15 August 1947 to 22 June 1948: His Majesty George the Sixth, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India[3]
• 22 June 1948 to 26 January 1950: His Majesty George the Sixth, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith [4]
--------------------------------------------
On Wed, 3/23/16, Rex Marinus rexmarinus@hotmail.com [NIgerianWorldForum] <NIgerianWorldForum@yahoogroups.com> wrote:
Subject: [NIgerianWorldForum] Re: [africanworldforum] Re: Benin City - Lost without trace
To: "vincentotuonye@msn.com" <vincentotuonye@msn.com>, "africanworldforum@googlegroups.com" <africanworldforum@googlegroups.com>
Cc: "develop-nigeria@googlegroups.com" <develop-nigeria@googlegroups.com>, "nigerianworldforum@yahoogroups.com" <nigerianworldforum@yahoogroups.com>, "naijapolitics@yahoogroups.com" <naijapolitics@yahoogroups.com>, "iguade@hotmail.com" <iguade@hotmail.com>, "pobazee@yahoo.com" <pobazee@yahoo.com>, "Igbo Events" <igboevents@yahoogroups.com>, "igboworldforum@yahoogroups.com" <igboworldforum@yahoogroups.com>
Date: Wednesday, March 23, 2016, 4:16 PM
Dr. Kassim:
You seem actually to miss the point. Nigeria is not a
"constitutional monarchy" and the founding
principles of the nation, no matter the current attempts to
distort it is that it elected to be a Federal REPUBLIC. By
passing in the Republican constitution
of 1963, Nigeria very clearly, unambiguously, chose to be
unlike Canada, or Australia, and not to be governed as a
constitutional monarchy beholden to the British monarchy and
head of the Commonwealth. It was a conscious decision. It
elected to seek the highest
juridical interpretation, no longer from the English Privy
Council, but by a Supreme Court established under the Act of
Parliament, and a republic established under constitutional
rule by a parliament and an ELECTED president.
Nigeria's unique history and formation can accept
nothing else. By the declaration of the Republican charter,
every extant monarchy was by law made extinct. The attempts
by conservative and right-wing, royalist interests to
smuggle in, revive and sustain these
institutions where a republican democracy can exist with
"ceremonial monarchies" have created a conflict.
Today, many Nigerians feel an allegiance, first to their
"kings" than to the constitution. It is the basis
on which much of the crisis of nation has been
staged. The insistence, for instance, of the Emirs of the
North to keep a two track system of law, creates a bi-polar
nation. This madness has come to roost today with the Sharia
and the Boko Haram movement. Now, I do not think that you or
Mr. Emeka Anyaoku,
who is an anglophile, have the mandate to create a new,
and vertical order in Nigeria, by your recommendations.
First, there is no greater peace which the Emir of Kano
or the Ooni of Ife or the Sultan of Sokoto or the Obi pf
Onitsha can keep that a well established municipal
government, under an elected council and Chair, and a
properly established court cannot keep.
As a matter of fact, the presence of the Emir of Kano or
the Obi of Onitsha, etc, is a disruptive one in the good
government of these cities, simply because they interrupt
and intervene in matters for which an elected government has
duly been elected. The
Obi of Onitsha for instance will be remiss to intervene, as
he might do, in a land case before a Magistrate Court
established by law. If the Onitsha City Council decides to
expand facilities in the city, adopt the rule of eminent
domain, and enforce new taxes,
the Obi of Onitsha should not have the power to stop it or
influence it. If he does, the local government
chairman ought just to call the City's DPO to arrest
him and charge him for disruption. But in your argument, the
Ooni of Ife might just as well take
over the municipal government of Ife, order for a curfew in
the city, and take direct charge of affairs from a properly
elected government. The Sultan of Sokoto might do the same
in Sokoto. So, why do we have elections, and extend popular
suffrage in these
places if as you say, these institutions still have roles
to play? I have consistently argued that there can never be
two captains in a ship. The designation of
"traditional rulers" contravenes the constitution
of Nigeria which has an equality clause, and
which purports to establish a republic. And it is not true
that these institutions serve any great purpose. As the
recent events in Lagos and Akure indicate, they are
divisive, presumptuous, and they are outmoded in this time
and age, when a great intermixing
is taking place, and creating a "new people" who
are increasingly not identifying with these institutions.
You say they help resolve family land issue. But I'm
sorry, such issues are better resolved by a Magistrate court
established by law. Nigeria must, like
India, abolish these peculiar institutions, if it must move
forward as a nation.
I should also let you know, that this question confronted
India in its postcolonial life, and by 1975, the Indian
Parliament abolished all the claimants to crowns in India,
and unified the republic under one, common law. India had
older, more majestic, and
more splendid and historical "traditional
rulers," and Lugard learned Indirect rule from its
original practice in India. It is also a more complex, more
diverse nation than Nigeria, with well over 3,000
indigenous languages and cultures. Nations that do not
take the great leaps remain mired in stagnant waters. It is
also not true that a majority of Nigerians will vote for
their monarchs. Try the referendum, and let anti-monarchists
like me embark on the campaign to educate most Nigerians on
the implications of
a blood-sucking and fetish oligopoly, and the results will
be different. In any case, if the ordinary people supported
their monarchies, why did the ordinary people in Sokoto and
Kano not rise up and fight for their kings when the British,
only with a handful
of soldiers, some of them Hausa too in 1902-6, went after
the Emir of Kano, and Attahiru, the Sultan, and defeated
them, while ordinary folk actually cheered? Look into
history, and you will find, and just forget some of the
myth-making by monarchists suffering
from nostalgia.
Obi Nwakanma
From:
africanworldforum@googlegroups.com
<africanworldforum@googlegroups.com> on behalf of
olakassimmd via AfricanWorldForum
<africanworldforum@googlegroups.com>
Sent: Wednesday, March 23, 2016 6:37 PM
To: vincentotuonye@msn.com
Cc: africanworldforum@googlegroups.com;
develop-nigeria@googlegroups.com;
nigerianworldforum@yahoogroups.com;
naijapolitics@yahoogroups.com; iguade@hotmail.com;
pobazee@yahoo.com
Subject: [africanworldforum] Re: Benin City - Lost
without trace
Vin:
The following
countries which have well entrenched democratic
governance have also managed to preserve their
constitutional
constitutional monarchies, even though these are only
ceremonial in nature:
Great
Britain, Belgium, Sweden, Greece, Spain, Canada and
Australia,
even though there are some agitations in the latter two
countries to abolish them.
constitutional monarchies, as opposed to absolute
monarchies
do not pose significant hindrance to nation building in
democratic nations..
The preservation of ceremonial monarchs in
many regions of Nigeria also
does not pose any threat to national unity or the
development of democratic
governance in Nigeria.
As Chairman, NIDO Americas Inc. I served as a Diaspora
delegate at the
2005 Nigerian Political Reform Conference
(NPRC) during the OBJ regime. I elected to serve on
the "Models of Government
Committee" which was charged with researching
different forms of governance
throughout the world and the submission of a
recommended model of governance
for Nigeria at the conclusion of our deliberations. We
debated whether to continue the
US style Presidential form of government, revert back
to the Westminster Parliamentary
mode of government or adopt an hybrid of the two e.g.
the government in Lebanon and
other countries.
I was the scribe for the sub-committee on the
"Role of Traditional Ruling Institutions".
that was chaired by Chief Anyaoku.
The role of traditional ruling houses in Nigerian
governance is fully entrenched
in the 1999 Nigeria constitution.
Even though, I went into the committee as
anti-monarchist.
by the end of our deliberations I had become more
informed about the important
(informal) roles that our traditional rulers played in
the lives of ordinary citizens
in their jurisdictions--including resolving family and
land disputes which would
have otherwise clogged the judicial system. They also
play an important role
in maintaining peace in their jurisdictions. In many
regions of Nigeria, the traditional rulers
serve as the link between the people and the
government.
At the end of our deliberations our committee submitted
a report that was passed unanimously by
the full committee and by the plenary assembly of the
NPRC--Constitutional Review Conference.
The report acknowledged the important roles the
monarchies have historically played in Nigerian
society. The report not only recommended the
preservation of the traditional ruling institutions
(monarchies)
it also suggested areas
where these roles could be enhanced as long as they do
not conflict with the principles of democratic
governance.
My feeling then and now is that if a referendum on
the issue of preservation or abolishment of the traditional
ruling houses
were held in Nigeria today, I can bet my bottom dollar
that the 'monarchists' will defeat the
abolitionists by a wide margin in all regions of
Nigeria with the possible exception of the SE.
Nigerians will be too reluctant to give up a
significant part of their history in pursuit of the
modernity
of democracy fully recognizing that the former does not
necessarily impede the latter.
Constitutional Monarchies are ONLY ceremonial
institutions. They do not have any constitutional
powers!
Bye,
Ola
Sent from my iPhone
On Mar 22, 2016, at 20:04, Vin Otuonye <vincentotuonye@msn.com>
wrote:
Dr. Kassim:
Stop dancing around the subject. It is either you're
for One strong indivisible Nigeria or you're for
the present Nigeria where clinging to tribe or ethnicity is
very paramount. And this basically destroys the allegiance
to the nation as a whole. You can't
be saying One Nigeria in one breath and on the other breath
hold on to ethnic or tribal allegiance in the form of a
monarch. It make mockery of your One Nigeria stand.
Take it or leave it, monarchs serve no purpose in present
Nigeria and Obi masterfully denounce your claim that they,
Monarchs, are custodians of our history, culture or
customary practices.
And please stop saying that the Igbo have never in their
historical journey had monarchs. We have. It is just that
we rejected it long time ago - just like the French and
other nations rejected them.
Vin Cool Breeze Otuonye
Date: Tue, 22 Mar 2016 19:16:25 -0400
From: olakassimmd@aol.com
To: africanworldforum@googlegroups.com;
vincentotuonye@msn.com;
igboworldforum@yahoogroups.com;
igboevents@yahoogroups.com
CC: develop-nigeria@googlegroups.com;
nigerianworldforum@yahoogroups.com;
naijapolitics@yahoogroups.com;
iguade@hotmail.com;
pobazee@yahoo.com
Subject: Re: Benin City - Lost without trace
Obi:
Thanks for your input which sheds additional
light on the Igbo perspective on this important
issue.
We are all a by-product of our individual and
collective
history. The Igbo have never in their historical
journey
had Monarchs--kings, queens and other hereditary
rulers.
I can bet that your position would have been
different,
if like the Edo, the Yoruba, the Hausa-Fulani, and
other
Nigerian ethnic groups the Igbo had also
shared a history of hereditary rule by
Monarchs,
Likewise, my own perspective would also have been
different if
our Yoruba ancestors had not passed on a culture
of
hereditary governance.
Nigeria is an amalgam of peoples of different
cultural backgrounds
that was put together by the British. The Brits did the
best they could.
They preserved those forms of governance they met on
the ground
in Northern, Western and Mid-western Nigeria (even
though they
usurped the powers of our traditional rulers)
whilst they further entrenched the Republican ethos
they met in those areas of
the Southern Protectorate including Igboland which had
no history of hereditary
rule.
The task of the current generation and future ones is
to make things work for us regardless of
the British influence and legacy. It is futile to keep
on blaming the British!
Most Nigerian ethnic groups are not willing to abolish
their Monarchies,
even if they currently play only a ceremonial role in
our lives. Nigerians are title
crazy. There are more Chiefs in Nigeria than there are
Indians (Serfs).
Some of the erstwhile republican areas of Nigeria now
have more ceremonial
Chiefs than those areas with a history of hereditary
governance.
We must learn to live and cope with this
reality.
Bye,
Ola
---- Original Message ----
From: Rex Marinus <rexmarinus@hotmail.com>
To: vincentotuonye <vincentotuonye@msn.com>;
africanworldforum <africanworldforum@googlegroups.com>;
igboworldforum <igboworldforum@yahoogroups.com>;
Igbo Events <igboevents@yahoogroups.com>
Cc: develop-nigeria <develop-nigeria@googlegroups.com>;
nigerianworldforum <nigerianworldforum@yahoogroups.com>;
naijapolitics
<naijapolitics@yahoogroups.com>;
iguade <iguade@hotmail.com>;
pobazee <pobazee@yahoo.com>
Sent: Tue, Mar 22, 2016 3:42 pm
Subject: Re: [africanworldforum] Re: Benin City - Lost
without trace
"The monarchies are still relevant even if only
for historical purposes.
The monarchs are the chief custodians of our history,
culture
and customary practices. This is the only reason for
their existence in Nigeria and elsewhere
in the world. Can you imagine England without the Queen
of England?"
-Dr. Kassim
Dr. Kassim:
The above statement is actually a little too romantic
and inaccurate. But let me help to answer the last question:
yes, I can very well imagine England without the Queen. It
is like asking can you imagine Russia without the Czar, or
the French without
the French kings? Well, yes, Louis lost his head, and
France replaced that head with a parliament and an elected
president. Nigeria is a remarkably unique place. It is a new
country, so new in fact that it is still struggling with its
own identity. Part of
the crises of Nigeria's national identity is in the
multiple patrimonies and claimants to the unique sovereign
will of the old nations, kingdoms, and empires subdued to
fashion it as a modern nation. Nigeria is a REPUBLIC. Those
who do not understand the implication
of this should better note this: a republic means, that
there are no kings. There are no serfs and there are no
peasants. Everyman is first and foremost a CITIZEN equal to
the next. The president, the elected leader of the nation,
is first and foremost, a
citizen, whose status does not grant him any extraordinary
rights above other citizens. His powers as president inheres
in the office, not in his person, and that power is
ultimately determined by parliament, the elected assembly of
the representatives of
the people.
There is no other source in Nigeria other than the
constitution from which we derive our contemporary culture
as affirmed by our laws. Culture is not something that just
exists in the past: it is a daily lived and experienced
thing: food culture, music
culture, culture of clothing, expressive culture, political
culture, religious or sacred culture, mortuary culture, etc
are all products of the dynamic interaction of lived
experience. Today, the repositories of those cultures are in
institutions created for
them, not in "our traditional rulers." Our books
are kept in public libraries. Our material cultures are kept
in museums. Our religious life is determined by the holidays
that are subject to our current calendars as declared by
parliament. These are the essential
basis of our lived experience. Now, what culture does the
"Traditional ruler" keep? And speaking for myself
as Onye-Igbo, no "traditional ruler" ever is a
"repository" of my culture. The keeper of my
family Ofo till tomorrow is the eldest surviving person
on the male line of my lineage. No one keeps the Ofo of the
other in Igbo land. Second, no "traditional ruler"
ever lived who was the SOLE spiritual authority in Igbo
land. Each man had his own personal shrine, and every
community had a communal shrine under
the trust of a high priest who was generally called,
"Eze Mmmo." He could be onye ji Ishi Ala (keeper
of the shrine of the earth goddess), or "onye ji Isi
Agwu" (keeper of the shrine of the hermetic order), or
"Onye ji Ishi Ogwugwu" sometime also called
"Imo"
or 'Onye ji Ishi Amadioha." The chief priest of
every land was a chief priest, when things requiring that
office becomes necessary, but otherwise, he is just another
citizen. There are no kings among the Igbo, never mind the
contemporary pretenders to the
thrones of now over One hundred thousand "Ancient
Kingdoms" dotting Ala-Igbo. If it rides its cycle, it
will return to what it always was in Igbo land: every family
will have its own "Eze" and that's what its
looking to be. The structure of Igbo authority
system, on which its culture is based is diffuse. The
conclave of the elders of the land (Ndi Iche) gathering as
one is the "traditional authority" in Igbo land,
not a single, sole authority. There is no community in Igbo
land that has a monarchy that is up
to one hundred and fifty years, starting mostly from 1895,
when these institutions were first created in Igbo land.
They were sacked in 1929, and they resurfaced with a
vengeance from 1977, after the Dasuki panel report which
basically "unified" the local
government system in Nigeria based on the
Northern Emirates council. In other words, it was
Obasanjo's local government reform of 1976 that imposed
the Northern emirate system in Igbo land with the
introduction of the "traditional rulers" and the
"autonomous
communities," and in so doing destroyed the County
council model adopted by the East under Azikiwe's
government in 1954. Those Igbo who do not understand the
implication of this, should read Azikiwe's argument for
te county council model, and the Eastern Nigerian
parliamentarty debates in choosing as the basis for its
regional local government reform, the County model, over the
Native authority system adopted in the West and in the
North, and why the East was subsequently regarded as the
most advanced in local government
administration from 1954 to in fact the end of this model
in 1976.
The point I'm making is quite simple:
first, traditional rulers are not the repository of
"our cultures." First because, "our
cultures" are not static, and second, we have moved
from monarchical systems to a modern national state with its
own modern culture
of nation, which is driven by a new generation unconscious
of what you call "traditional culture." Many of
these "cultures" are either irrelevant, outmoded,
or have inevitably disappeared and no longer need to be
preserved. More relevantly, the preservation
of these pseudo-monarchies will prevent the ultimate
emergence of a national and a nationalist consciousness. It
will perpetuate centripetality that will threaten and
undermine a coherent creation of a modern "national
culture" largely because the people making
up the amalgalm we call Nigeria today, never shared the
same cultural values. While the Igbo for instance value
the culture of liberty and freedom, many of its neighbors
consider Igbo culture of liberty a form of extreme
uncontrol. Many of the neighbors of
the Igbo subsume their national will to the rule of Kings
- who are today striving to be relevant, but who are
increasingly irrelevant wit the rise of a great urban
cultures with its ezartz feel, and its indeterminacy. These
Igbo neighbours think freedom and
liberty too threatening. The "oga" mentality -
the idea that one must be defined, and even be ruled by
another as ordained by God is a central value, because it
preaches humility, and values a man "who knows his
place in the world." A man is either born to
be rules as a commoner, or born to be a king, and rule.
Each man knows his ordained place based from birth. And
those who are commoners actually fight to preserve the
rights of their rulers, because it is through the
"majesty" of their kings that they gain
vicarious respect. The Igbo marvel over that kind of
dependency, and value the idea that "no condition is
permanent." An Igbo man will rather be the
"majesty." All Igbo men are born kings. As my
grandmother used to exclaim, "Chukwu mere Igbo nile
eze!" So,
while others think the Igbo have "no culture of
respect," Igbo think the others have a terrible servile
and slavish culture of subordination. The only process that
can create a coherent connection is to establish a mutually
comprehensible system: that is why
the founders of modern Nigeria endowed all men with liberty
and freedom, and created a republic of equal citizenship,
which we must preserve over the savage institution of
monarchies. I salute you.
Obi Nwakanma
From:
africanworldforum@googlegroups.com
<africanworldforum@googlegroups.com>
on behalf of olakassimmd via AfricanWorldForum
<africanworldforum@googlegroups.com>
Sent: Tuesday, March 22, 2016 4:23 PM
To: vincentotuonye@msn.com;
africanworldforum@googlegroups.com
Cc: develop-nigeria@googlegroups.com;
nigerianworldforum@yahoogroups.com;
naijapolitics@yahoogroups.com;
iguade@hotmail.com;
pobazee@yahoo.com
Subject: [africanworldforum] Re: Benin City - Lost
without trace
Vin:
I agree to some extent!
The monarchies are still relevant even if only for
historical purposes.
The monarchs are the chief custodians of our history,
culture
and customary practices.
This is the only reason for their existence in Nigeria
and elsewhere
in the world.
Can you imagine England without the Queen of
England?
She would be like a fish out of water and be
indistinguishable from
all other Republican countries in Europe many of whom
have shed
their monarchies or still maintain them for ceremonial
purposes.
Bye,
Ola
---- Original Message ----
From: Vin Otuonye <vincentotuonye@msn.com>
To: Ola Kassim <olakassimmd@aol.com>;
africanworld <africanworldforum@googlegroups.com>
Cc: develop-nigeria <develop-nigeria@googlegroups.com>;
nigerianworldforum <nigerianworldforum@yahoogroups.com>;
NaijaNews
<naijapolitics@yahoogroups.com>;
iguade <iguade@hotmail.com>;
pobazee <pobazee@yahoo.com>
Sent: Tue, Mar 22, 2016 11:22 am
Subject: RE: Benin City - Lost without trace
Dr. Kassim:
Believe me Monarchy is a relic of the past. It doesn't
serve much purpose in our present arrangement. The
governors in each State in Nigeria is more powerful
than any traditional ruler in that State. In Nigeria, no
Oba, Emir, Obi or Eze is more powerful than
the President. Even in England, the Queen of England
doesn't run the British government, the Prime Minister
does. So why all these cries about Kings?
Vin Cool Breeze Otuonye
Date: Tue, 22 Mar 2016 11:15:16 -0400
From: olakassimmd@aol.com
To: vincentotuonye@msn.com;
africanworldforum@googlegroups.com
CC: develop-nigeria@googlegroups.com;
nigerianworldforum@yahoogroups.com;
raayiriga@yahoogroups.com;
naijapolitics@yahoogroups.com;
esan_community@yahoogroups.com;
iguade@hotmail.com;
pobazee@yahoo.com;
igboworldforum@yahoogroups.com;
igboevents@yahoogroups.com;
omoodua@yahoogroups.com
Subject: Re: Benin City - Lost without trace
Vin:
Obama came to my mind while I was writing the
post.
I did not use him as an example because his
position
as President of the United States is an elected
position,
which is much less cataclysmic or game changing--(at
least in our times) than an
Obama or anyone of direct African ancestry becoming the
King or Queen
of England.
Even though a British MP of Nigerian origin might
sooner or later be elected
as the Prime Minister of Great Britain. I can not
foresee one of our own, unless
one born or married into the Royal Windsor family
assuming the throne of
the Queen or King of England during my lifetime because
this is a hereditary
position.
Bye,
Ola
---- Original Message ----
From: Vin Otuonye <vincentotuonye@msn.com>
To: Ola Kassim <olakassimmd@aol.com>;
africanworld <africanworldforum@googlegroups.com>
Cc: develop-nigeria <develop-nigeria@googlegroups.com>;
NIgerianWorldForum@yahoogroups.com
<nigerianworldforum@yahoogroups.com>;
Raayiriga@yahoogroups.com
<raayiriga@yahoogroups.com>;
NaijaNews <naijapolitics@yahoogroups.com>;
esan_community <esan_community@yahoogroups.com>;
iguade <iguade@hotmail.com>;
pobazee <pobazee@yahoo.com>;
igboworldforum <igboworldforum@yahoogroups.com>;
igboevents <igboevents@yahoogroups.com>;
omoodua <omoodua@yahoogroups.com>
Sent: Tue, Mar 22, 2016 10:07 am
Subject: RE: Benin City - Lost without trace
Ola:
Look no further. Obama is starring you in the face. Obama is
the son of a Kenyan. The last time I checked, Obama's
father is black and an African.
Vin Cool Breeze Otuonye
Date: Tue, 22 Mar 2016 09:51:08 -0400
From: olakassimmd@aol.com
To: africanworldforum@googlegroups.com
CC: vincentotuonye@msn.com;
develop-nigeria@googlegroups.com;
NIgerianWorldForum@yahoogroups.com;
Raayiriga@yahoogroups.com;
NaijaPolitics@yahoogroups.com;
esan_community@yahoogroups.com;
iguade@hotmail.com;
pobazee@yahoo.com;
igboworldforum@yahoogroups.com;
igboevents@yahoogroups.com;
omoodua@yahoogroups.com
Subject: Re: [africanworldforum] Re: Benin City - Lost
without trace
Dokun:
Thanks for the info!
I agree that anything can happen.
Our Almighty God could divine
that a black Prince or Princess might end up
one day--probably long after we have departed
this realm ---ascend to the throne of the House of
Windsor
and become the King or Queen of England.
Bye,
Ola
---- Original Message ----
From: 'A. Jagun' via AfricanWorldForum <africanworldforum@googlegroups.com>
To: africanworldforum <africanworldforum@googlegroups.com>
Cc: vincentotuonye <vincentotuonye@msn.com>;
develop-nigeria <develop-nigeria@googlegroups.com>;
NIgerianWorldForum <NIgerianWorldForum@yahoogroups.com>;
Raayiriga <Raayiriga@yahoogroups.com>;
NaijaPolitics <NaijaPolitics@yahoogroups.com>;
esan_community <esan_community@yahoogroups.com>;
iguade <iguade@hotmail.com>;
pobazee <pobazee@yahoo.com>;
igboworldforum <igboworldforum@yahoogroups.com>;
igboevents <igboevents@yahoogroups.com>;
omoodua <omoodua@yahoogroups.com>
Sent: Tue, Mar 22, 2016 8:50 am
Subject: Re: [africanworldforum] Re: Benin City - Lost
without trace
Dr
Kasim:
s
Please
add to Prince Charles ancestry the British Black Queen
Charlotte, born in 1744, wife of George III; herself
the
eighth child of Prince of Mirow, Charles Louis Frederick.
She was descended directly from an African branch of the
Portuguese Royal House. She
married George III at the age of seventeen and have about
thirteen children. Queen Elizabeth II is the direct
descendant of Queen Charlotte, so do not be surprised if
Kate Middleton gives birth to a black child. . . the black
gene may resurface anytime, any
moment.
Dr.
Dokun Jagun
From:
'Leye Ige' via AfricanWorldForum <africanworldforum@googlegroups.com>
To:
africanworldforum@googlegroups.com
Cc:
vincentotuonye@msn.com;
develop-nigeria@googlegroups.com;
NIgerianWorldForum@yahoogroups.com;
Raayiriga@yahoogroups.com;
NaijaPolitics@yahoogroups.com;
esan_community@yahoogroups.com;
iguade@hotmail.com; pobazee@yahoo.com;
igboworldforum@yahoogroups.com;
igboevents@yahoogroups.com;
omoodua@yahoogroups.com
Sent: Monday,
March 21, 2016 10:39 PM
Subject:
[africanworldforum] Re: Benin City - Lost without trace
"Even though the pictorials in the first and second
links showed the journey of our Yoruba ancestors to our
current location from Arabia, most other southern Nigerian
not to mention the northern Nigerian ethnic groups probably
followed the same or similar routes......"
Dr.Kassim
Dr.Kassim,
I think you MISREAD the pieces. They DID NOT point to
"the journey of our Yoruba ancestors to our current
location from Arabia...." BUT THE OTHER WAY ROUND; to
wit :
"Evolutionary history shows that human populations
likely originated in Africa, and the Genographic Project,
the most extensive survey of human population genetic data
to date, suggests where they went next. A study by the
Project finds that modern humans migrated
out of Africa via a southern route through Arabia, rather
than a northern route by way of Egypt......."
That indeed, Yorubaland was PART of the STARTING POINT, as
shown in the images thus "nullifying" the Saudi
Arabia origin "thesis". Or how can one migrate
out of somewhere and end up in the same place?
Thank you.
Leye Ige
--------------------------------------------
On Mon, 3/21/16, olakassimmd via AfricanWorldForum <africanworldforum@googlegroups.com>
wrote:
Subject: [africanworldforum] Re: Benin City - Lost without
trace
To: africanworldforum@googlegroups.com
Cc: vincentotuonye@msn.com,
develop-nigeria@googlegroups.com,
NIgerianWorldForum@yahoogroups.com,
Raayiriga@yahoogroups.com,
NaijaPolitics@yahoogroups.com,
esan_community@yahoogroups.com,
iguade@hotmail.com,
pobazee@yahoo.com,
igboworldforum@yahoogroups.com,
igboevents@yahoogroups.com,
omoodua@yahoogroups.com
Date: Monday, March 21, 2016, 7:06 PM
Leye:
Thanks for sharing the links.
I will ass them to my collection on this
subject.
Even though the pictorials in the first and
second
links showed the journey of our Yoruba ancestors
to our current location from Arabia, most other
southern
Nigerian not to mention the northern Nigerian
ethnic
groups probably followed the same or similar
routes.
The trans-Saharan migration of the Yoruba
from the Sudan-Middle east region was mentioned
in
Basil Davidson's "History of West Africa"
which was one the history textbooks
we used in High School. The theory also seems to
validate the claim
by His Royal Highness Sikiru Adetona, the Awujale of
Ijebu Ode that the Ijebu, if not all Yoruba
arose from the same region of the world.
Further mitochondrial DNA studies might also
prove
or disprove the theory by some Igbo that the Igbo also
have recent ancestral
relationships to the Jews of Middle East.
If this is true the Igbo might have followed the
same
or similar trans-Saharan route on their way from
the original
land of Israel.
Bye,
Ola
---- Original Message ----
From: 'Leye Ige' via AfricanWorldForum
<africanworldforum@googlegroups.com>
To: africanworldforum
<africanworldforum@googlegroups.com>
Cc: vincentotuonye <vincentotuonye@msn.com>;
develop-nigeria <develop-nigeria@googlegroups.com>;
NIgerianWorldForum
<NIgerianWorldForum@yahoogroups.com>;
Raayiriga
<Raayiriga@yahoogroups.com>;
NaijaPolitics
<NaijaPolitics@yahoogroups.com>;
esan_community
<esan_community@yahoogroups.com>;
iguade
<iguade@hotmail.com>;
pobazee
<pobazee@yahoo.com>;
igboworldforum
<igboworldforum@yahoogroups.com>;
igboevents
<igboevents@yahoogroups.com>;
omoodua
<omoodua@yahoogroups.com>
Sent: Mon, Mar 21, 2016 6:47 pm
Subject: [africanworldforum] Re: Benin City - Lost
without
trace
Dr. Kassim,
You may want to check these out:
(1)
http://cdn.phys.org/newman/gfx/news/hires/2011/genoprojecthumanmigrationmap_print.jpg
(2)
http://phys.org/news/2011-11-genographic-humans-migrated-africa-arabia.html
(3)
http://phys.org/news/2008-04-early-human-populations-evolved-years.html#nRlv
Thank you.
Leye Ige
--------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------
On Mon, 3/21/16, olakassimmd via AfricanWorldForum <africanworldforum@googlegroups.com>
wrote:
Subject: Re: [africanworldforum] Re: Benin City -
Lost
without trace
To: africanworldforum@googlegroups.com
Cc: vincentotuonye@msn.com,
develop-nigeria@googlegroups.com,
NIgerianWorldForum@yahoogroups.com,
Raayiriga@yahoogroups.com,
NaijaPolitics@yahoogroups.com,
esan_community@yahoogroups.com,
iguade@hotmail.com,
pobazee@yahoo.com,
igboworldforum@yahoogroups.com,
igboevents@yahoogroups.com,
omoodua@yahoogroups.com
Date: Monday, March 21, 2016, 4:36 PM
Leye:
Good try, but just like those talking head GOP
pundits on CNN and other Cable Networks,
you did not answer my question. This could
be
either a deliberate dodge or just an attempt to
throw
up your arms--considering the 'oral nature' of
most
human, not necessarily African history does not
equip
us with enough knowledge for this kind of
exercise.
Most likely our ancestors 50 or 60,000 years ago would
not
have 'differentiated' or broken up to form as
many as hundreds
and thousands of the major
and minority ethnic groups that we currently have in
all African
countries. Our ancestors would have come from just a
handful
of major original ethnic groups from, whom we
derive
not only our genes but all of our distinct
ethno-cultural identities
and customary practices.
Thus, it is quite possible that so far back into
history--there were no
Igbo, Yoruba, Ga, Twi, Edo, Hausa, Kanuri, Igala
etc. and other distinct ethnic
groups we currently identify with. In other words--it
is quite possible that
our ancient ancestors might not have reached where we
currently call our ancestral
homes today--on their journeys northwards and
westwards
from East Africa or even
form the distinct ethnic groups such as Igbo, Yoruba
etc.
In the beginning--all Africanswere all of one
stock, (one ethnic group--or tribe)--just as all
human beings have now been proven to arise from one
stock,
Subsequent differential migrations of distinct groups
and subgroups from
the original core group might be the explanation for
the plethora of ethnicities
we have not only in African but in all regions of the
world.
It is also quite possible the same process of
ethno-genesis is still ongoing--and that
this could explain why we have the Ikwerre-Igbo and
other intra and inter-ethnic controversies.
The Ikwerre might be an ethnic group that is in the
process of being 'born', wanting to be free
and
dissociated
from its original main ethnic group-the Igbo from
which
it sprung.
The same process is going on in other regions of
Nigeria, throughout Africa and in fact
one might say throughout the world.
The premise: What's all the fuss about our
over-pre-occupation with ethnic
identities--considering
we are all of common origin(s)?
Bye,
Ola
---- Original Message ----
From: 'Leye Ige' via AfricanWorldForum
<africanworldforum@googlegroups.com>
To: africanworldforum
<africanworldforum@googlegroups.com>
Cc: Vin Otuonye <vincentotuonye@msn.com>;
develop-nigeria <develop-nigeria@googlegroups.com>;
Nigerian <NIgerianWorldForum@yahoogroups.com>;
Ra'ayi <Raayiriga@yahoogroups.com>;
Naija
<NaijaPolitics@yahoogroups.com>;
Esan
<esan_community@yahoogroups.com>;
Wilson
<iguade@hotmail.com>;
pobazee
<pobazee@yahoo.com>;
igboworldforum
<igboworldforum@yahoogroups.com>;
Igbo
<igboevents@yahoogroups.com>;
omo oodua
<omoodua@yahoogroups.com>
Sent: Mon, Mar 21, 2016 3:58 pm
Subject: [africanworldforum] Re: Benin City - Lost
without
trace
"Before being Igbo, Yoruba, Bini, Twi,Ashanti etc
how
would our common African ancestors have described
themselves
-- let's say 50 or 60,000 years ago long before
they
settled in different regions of West Africa we now
consider
as our ancestral homes?"--Dr.Ola Kassim
They would describe themselves according to the
conditions
of the specific "AGE" in history. Different
ages
have different specificities which more or less
determine
the descriptions, such that "50 or 60,000 years
ago" would comprise pre and ancient history all
the
way
down to classical antiquity which will inform on how
"we now consider our ancestral homes".
Leye Ige
--------------------------------------------
On Sun, 3/20/16, 'Ola Kassim' via
AfricanWorldForum
<africanworldforum@googlegroups.com>
wrote:
Subject: Re: [Edo-Nation] Re: [africanworldforum]
Benin
City - Lost without trace
To: africanworldforum@googlegroups.com
Cc: "Vin Otuonye" <vincentotuonye@msn.com>,
"develop-nigeria" <develop-nigeria@googlegroups.com>,
"Nigerian" <NIgerianWorldForum@yahoogroups.com>,
"Ra'ayi" <Raayiriga@yahoogroups.com>,
"Naija" <NaijaPolitics@yahoogroups.com>,
"Esan" <esan_community@yahoogroups.com>,
"Wilson" <iguade@hotmail.com>,
"pobazee" <pobazee@yahoo.com>,
"igboworldforum" <igboworldforum@yahoogroups.com>,
"Igbo" <igboevents@yahoogroups.com>
Date: Sunday, March 20, 2016, 9:50 PM
Dear
Obi:
Before being
Igbo, Yoruba, Bini, Twi,Ashanti etc how would
our common African ancestors have described themselves
-- let's say 50 or 60,000 years ago long before
they settled in different regions of West Africa we
now
consider as our ancestral homes?
Wishing you
a great week.
Bye,
Ola
Sent from my iPhone
On Mar 20, 2016, at 21:22, Rex Marinus <rexmarinus@hotmail.com>
wrote:
Dr. Kassim, Onitsha was never part of the Benin
Empire!
This is a great fiction that folks keep perpetuating
in
this
forum. The settlement of Onitsha in the 17th century
was
not
a result of any power exerted by the Benin powers, it
was
in
fact to the contrary.
Those opposed to the Empire settled in various
formations
in Onitsha. Onitsha identifies as Umu Eze Chima. They
have
rituals that memorialize their time in and their
flight from Idu. In various waves, these
returnees
settled in their many clusters along the
various routes, and owed no loyalty to the
Kingdom of
Benin. Many fought and defeated Benin military
expeditions.
I think it is important to read historians like
Ohadike,
Afigbo, Obaro Ikime, and of course the father of
modern
Nigeran history, Kenneth Dike
to get a sense of these histories. While you read
Eghareva,
also read Onwuejiogu, particularly for his
anthropological
studies of these culture areas and their various
theatres.
It is often presumptous of folks with very little
reading
habits, particularly
on these subjects, to generally make extremely
ininformed and sweeping statements about stuff they
know
very little about. There are settled literature about
these
histories and narrative, but from the oral as well as
material evidence adduced by serious and
professional researchers in these fields. It is
best
to
familiarize yourself with these and draw your own
discernment based on the data they provide, otherwise
seek
new evidence o contradict them.
It is also quite ridiculous that we talk about names
and
identities: Yakubu Gowon is Angas, not Tiv. I think
you
have
mixed it up. In any case, there is clear evidence that
he
grew up in a cultural environment that had a very
dominant
Arab influence as a
result of the long Islamic conquest of that region.
His
Christian name Jacob was turned therefore to
"Yakubu" in his registration for schools at
Barewa
college in 1948, and subsequently turned to
"Jack"
in its anglisized form years later. But his last name,
"Gowon" marks him very
clearly. True,
there
are many Northern Christians, among the most famous
Ishaya
Audu, who bore these Arabic names. Before his own
conversion
to Christianity, his family were practicing
muslims. They had also forgotten their
"Hausa" names. The
fact is that these names are Middle Eastern, and
reflect
the large influence of the dominant culture from which
they
first emerged. Edward Said, an Arab Christian, born in
Palestine is a good example of how Arab names can also
sometimes become Anglican. He could
very easily have chosen, "Waidi Sayeed."
But he
chose the English equivalent. Toyin Adepoju is
Yoruba,
and has never claimed anything else. But perhaps it is
a
thing for those born at the margins of major cultures
that
they be indeterminate, and indeterminacy
may compel them to identify with the dominant
culture.
But let me say this, perhaps it is an Igbo thing,
and
I
cannot claim to know about other places: among the
Igbo,
whoever talks about "slippery identity" is
either
an "ohu," or an "Mbiara mbiara."
Those
who came to Igbo land and assumed Igbo names have a
history
of either escaping from the law, seeking refuge, or
were brought there as "ohu." And there may
be
those. The other way to also see it is that those
who
are born at the crossroad of cultures also FIGHT
actually to retain their ancestral identities by
PRESERVING
themselves through the act of naming. They hold on
fiercely
to their names so they do not forget. So that, where
you have two cultures struggling for space in say
Akoko
Edo, those with Yoruba or Edo lineage
keep their identities by naming themselves
according
to
their Edo or Yoruba ancestry. There is often no
conflict
inside their soul, until it becomes either politically
or
culturally expedient to de-identify. Up in the North,
people
also name themselves by
where they are born, thus Aminu Kano, or Garba
Wushishi,
etc. And you're absolutely wrong, Dr. Kassim,
I'd
like to say: it is the same practice, even in Europe:
ethnic
markers continue to define the ways people name
themselves.
My Swiss brother-in-law was
born in the French speaking part of
Switzerland,
to an
Italian family. He speaks French. He does not speak
any
word of Italian, but he has Italian
names. An Igbo, for instance, who calls
himself
"Murphy" - and there are such today - either
is
too ignorant
or too troubled to comprehend the implications of
the
name.
Now, the point I have raised is: when you examine
the way Africans historically named their children,
they
do
not do so in another person's
language. For example, any day you hear that
the
Ooni of Ife's name is "Iwedinobi
Akobundu" or the Benin Oba's name
is "Njoku Muoneke," I'm certain that
you'd do a double take. Right? Maybe not. Maybe
that time is coming and we all pray to God to heed
your
prayers, Dr. Ola Kassim.
Obi Nwakanma
From: okonkwonetworks@googlegroups.com
<okonkwonetworks@googlegroups.com>
on behalf of 'Ola Kassim' via OkonkwoNetworks
<okonkwonetworks@googlegroups.com>
Sent: Sunday, March 20, 2016 10:57 PM
To: Vin Otuonye
Cc: develop-nigeria; africanworldforum; Nigerian;
Ra'ayi; Naija; okonkwonetworks; Esan; Wilson;
pobazee;
igboworldforum; Igbo
Subject: Re: [Edo-Nation] Re: [africanworldforum]
Benin City - Lost without trace
Vin:
The name does not
necessarily always
make, define or
identify any given individual regarding his or her
ethnic
identity or religious faith.
Segun Dawodu is
Edo not Yoruba;
Toyin
Adepoju's origins if I remember correctly is from
Akoko-Edo, Ondo state. Akoko-Edo, just like the
Okitipupa
environs straddle the boundary between Yorubaland
proper
and
Edo state. Even though Toyin Adepoju chooses as his
right
to proudly proclaim that he is not Yoruba,
I have not read
anywhere that he has proclaimed himself as being of
Edo
origin.
Wilson Iguade
identifies himself as Esan, not Edo. He is only Edo
only
to
the extent that the Esan people were probably once
subjects
of the Oba of Benin and along with the Itshekri, the
Bini
and the rest of the ethnicities were
once parts of the historical Benin Empire along
with
Onitsha and other neighbouring areas of Igboland and
some
parts of Yorubaland. If my high school history
lessons
were accurate, the Binis are the only original Edo.
As the erudite
historian Prof Akintide once outlined in one of his
scholarly essays the ruling houses in Ondo state,
including
the Olowo of Owo, the Deji of Akure and the Osemawe of
Ondo
are more intricately, in both genealogical
and cultural terms more related to the Oba of Benin
than
they are to the Oni of Ife,
Awujale of
Ijebuland, Alake of Egbaland, the Oba of Lagos and
many
other first class monarchs in Yorubaland,
notwithstanding
some common distant historical origins.
The majority of
the. people of Ilorin in Kwara state are a hybrid of
the
Yoruba and Fulani. Each one of these families and
individual
citizens freely chooses which part of their lineage to
emphasize at any point in time.
The same is true
of most of the people's from Kogi state.
Mallam Bala
Mohammed, the immediate former Minister of the. FCT
is a devout
Christian, not a Muslim as his name might imply.
Yakubu as in
Yakubu Gowon is an Arabic name most common amongst the
Hausa
and the Fulani. Gen Gowon is Tiv, not Hausa or Fulani
and
he
is a Christian not a Moslem.
Another more
distant example in this regard is Prince Charles, the
first
in line to the British throne who identifies himself
as
an
English man, even though half of his DNA is from his
father
who is a scion of the Greek royal lineage.
Frankly, I believe
that we Africans are too obsessed with our ethnic
identities
to the
extent that we miss the picture
most of the
time.
This obsession is
partly responsible for
the lack of
progress in Africa relative to the rest of the world.
There are ten
times more distinct languages per 1,000,000 sq. mm
than
in
Europe and other parts of the developed world, not
necessarily because this was the way our Almighty God
divined things to be but rather because of the
isolationist
tendencies and the historical adherence to
'primitive' clannish behaviours amongst
Africans.
Africans of common
origin, whose ancient ancestors developed different
languages that would eventually become
unintelligible
to their former acquaintances and distant relations
that
they had separated from to live in new environments--
probably in villages and hamlets separated by just
few
kilometres from their former homes, whose residents
are
now
considered as enemies and aliens - eventually proclaim
themselves to be of a distinct ethnic group from the
original ethnicity their ancestors
migrated from.
Human existence on
earth is never static both in space and times. New
cultures
evolve from admixture of different old cultures.
Ethnic and
religious identities are fluid and are neither static
nor
cast in stone.
If they were,
Africans would not have welcome western and middle
eastern
cultural and religious practices into our
regions of the
world.
The hijab just
like the western style suits, shirts and trousers are
foreign modes of dressing that have been imported into
Africa. In another 100 to 200 years it might difficult
to
argue otherwise.
How many Japanese
women now wear the Kimono as a daily attire and how
many
still worship daily at Shinto shrines?
Change, including
good, bad and neutral ones is the only constant in
life!
Adapt and you ,
your offsprings and future generations will live long.
Failure to adapt and adopt positive change whilst
discarding
negative and unproductive habits will spell doom for
those
who deny the need for change.
Tribalism us a
negative attribute that we Africans must abandon.
If ethnic
identities were static there would no single Ikwerre
man
or
woman arguing about his Igbo origins!
My point is that
we (as in all humanity) are all related to one another
-
the
only difference is in the degrees of relativity
which
stretch far backwards to the day the first pair of
Homo
sapiens set foot on this planet as far
backwards as approx. 170, 000 years ago.
Bye,
Ola
Sent from my iPhone
On Mar 20, 2016, at 14:29, Vin Otuonye <vincentotuonye@msn.com>
wrote:
Dr. Adeboye:
Well you said in the earlier part of your life
you said all people with the name Obi are Yoruba. That
is
understandable because you're young and you're
not
exposed to other culture. We all know that Toyin
Vincent
Adepoju is not Yoruba; that Wilson
Iguade doesn't know so makes no difference.
However, I
thought Adepoju is from Kogi.
Names and language remains the best way to
determine cultural/ethnic identity, whether some
people
want
to accept it or not. Iguade is Edo and not Igbo or
Hausa
name. Is it?
Vin Cool Breeze
On Mar 20, 2016 10:11 AM,
Wilson Iguade <iguade@hotmail.com>
wrote:
Prof. Adeboye,
Thanks I learned sometime, did not know that
Toyin Adepoju is Edo, I thought he was Yoruba. More
evidence that Obi's Onomastics is nothing but self
aggrandizement and total foolishness.
Thanks for your time. God bless.
Iguade
Sent from my iPhone
On Mar 20, 2016, at 1:23 AM, "Adeniran
Adeboye"
<aadeboye@mac.com>
wrote:
Bro Wilson,
Yes sir, Nigeria is among the wrongest places to
expect
the name to determine cultural or ethnic identity. In
the
earlier part of my life all folks named Obi were
Yoruba.
Obi
was the short form of Obiwumi, Obisesan, Obibunmi etc.
Now,
we know that Obi
Nwakanma is not a Yoruba. Do either of Segun Dawodu
or
Toyin Adepoju claim Yoruba origin? The late world
class
journalist,
Abiodun Aloba = Ebenezer Williams, was of Edo
origin.
Adeniran Adeboye
Sent from my iPhone
On Mar 20, 2016, at 12:31 AM, Wilson Iguade <iguade@hotmail.com>
wrote:
Dr. Adeboye,
Yours and Ayo's are excellent examples along with
mine, previously posted. Hehehehe!
My point, Rastafarian Dude is filled up with GANJA,
hence his imagination that Nowa is a Moslem Convert.
Lololo!
Sent from my iPhone
On Mar 19, 2016, at 11:21 PM, "Adeniran
Adeboye"
<aadeboye@mac.com>
wrote:
Bro Ayo,
How about Ahmed Abdulai?
Adeniran Adeboye
Sent from my iPhone
On Mar 20, 2016, at 12:02 AM, 'Ayo Ojutalayo'
via
AfricanWorldForum <africanworldforum@googlegroups.com>
wrote:
For example, using Goodluck Jonathan to locate his
ethnicity!
Ayo
Ojutalayo
"The ultimate measure of a man
is not where he
stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but
where he
stands at times of challenge and controversy. " . .
.
Martin Luther King Jr
From: "okoiadvocate@gmail.com"
<okoiadvocate
--
OkonkwoNetworks..........Building NIGERIA of our DREAM
---
You received this message because you are subscribed
to
the
Google Groups "OkonkwoNetworks" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving
emails
from it, send an email to
okonkwonetworks+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com.
For more options, visit
https://groups.google.com/d/optout.
--
OkonkwoNetworks..........Building NIGERIA of our DREAM
---
You received this message because you are subscribed
to
the
Google Groups "OkonkwoNetworks" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving
emails
from it, send an email to
okonkwonetworks+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com.
For more options, visit
https://groups.google.com/d/optout.
--
---
You received this message because you are subscribed
to
the
Google Groups "AfricanWorldForum" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving
emails
from it, send an email to africanworldforum+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com.
To post to this group, send email to
africanworldforum@googlegroups.com.
Visit this group at
https://groups.google.com/group/africanworldforum.
To view this discussion on the web visit
https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/africanworldforum/HK2PR0601MB150859CF4EEBB9177736EECDDF8E0%40HK2PR0601MB1508.apcprd06.prod.outlook.com.
For more options, visit
https://groups.google.com/d/optout.
--
---
You received this message because you are subscribed
to
the
Google Groups "AfricanWorldForum" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving
emails
from it, send an email to africanworldforum+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com.
To post to this group, send email to
africanworldforum@googlegroups.com.
Visit this group at
https://groups.google.com/group/africanworldforum.
To view this discussion on the web visit
https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/africanworldforum/C4103ED2-1B9A-47CB-88A5-42D5082918B2%40aol.com.
For more options, visit
https://groups.google.com/d/optout.
--
---
You received this message because you are subscribed
to
the
Google Groups "AfricanWorldForum" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving
emails
from it, send an email to africanworldforum+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com.
To post to this group, send email to
africanworldforum@googlegroups.com.
Visit this group at
https://groups.google.com/group/africanworldforum.
To view this discussion on the web visit
https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/africanworldforum/80818877.2133352.1458590326059.JavaMail.yahoo%40mail.yahoo.com.
For more options, visit
https://groups.google.com/d/optout.
--
---
You received this message because you are subscribed
to
the
Google Groups "AfricanWorldForum" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving
emails
from it, send an email to africanworldforum+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com.
To post to this group, send email to
africanworldforum@googlegroups.com.
Visit this group at
https://groups.google.com/group/africanworldforum.
To view this discussion on the web visit
https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/africanworldforum/1539ae4f6ef-2637-8cef%40webprd-m63.mail.aol.com.
For more options, visit
https://groups.google.com/d/optout.
--
---
You received this message because you are subscribed to
the
Google Groups "AfricanWorldForum" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails
from it, send an email to africanworldforum+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com.
To post to this group, send email to
africanworldforum@googlegroups.com.
Visit this group at
https://groups.google.com/group/africanworldforum.
To view this discussion on the web visit
https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/africanworldforum/605516768.2202289.1458600466467.JavaMail.yahoo%40mail.yahoo.com.
For more options, visit
https://groups.google.com/d/optout.
--
---
You received this message because you are subscribed to
the
Google Groups "AfricanWorldForum" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails
from it, send an email to africanworldforum+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com.
To post to this group, send email to
africanworldforum@googlegroups.com.
Visit this group at
https://groups.google.com/group/africanworldforum.
To view this discussion on the web visit
https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/africanworldforum/1539b6d9dd4-2637-9525%40webprd-m63.mail.aol.com.
For more options, visit
https://groups.google.com/d/optout.
--
---
You received this message because you are subscribed to the
Google Groups "AfricanWorldForum" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails
from it, send an email to africanworldforum+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com.
To post to this group, send email to
africanworldforum@googlegroups.com.
Visit this group at
https://groups.google.com/group/africanworldforum.
To view this discussion on the web visit
https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/africanworldforum/958803290.2343971.1458614391250.JavaMail.yahoo%40mail.yahoo.com.
For more options, visit
https://groups.google.com/d/optout.
--
---
You received this message because you are subscribed to the
Google Groups "AfricanWorldForum" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails
from it, send an email to
africanworldforum+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com.
To post to this group, send email to
africanworldforum@googlegroups.com.
Visit this group at
https://groups.google.com/group/africanworldforum.
To view this discussion on the web visit
https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/africanworldforum/1192903453.3061437.1458651040484.JavaMail.yahoo%40mail.yahoo.com.
For more options, visit
https://groups.google.com/d/optout.
--
---
You received this message because you are subscribed to the
Google Groups "AfricanWorldForum" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails
from it, send an email to
africanworldforum+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com.
To post to this group, send email to
africanworldforum@googlegroups.com.
Visit this group at
https://groups.google.com/group/africanworldforum.
To view this discussion on the web visit
https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/africanworldforum/1539f233dd3-3e3d-adb9%40webprd-m20.mail.aol.com.
For more options, visit
https://groups.google.com/d/optout.
--
---
You received this message because you are subscribed to the
Google Groups "AfricanWorldForum" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails
from it, send an email to
africanworldforum+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com.
To post to this group, send email to
africanworldforum@googlegroups.com.
Visit this group at
https://groups.google.com/group/africanworldforum.
To view this discussion on the web visit
https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/africanworldforum/HK2PR0601MB1508AB999D8694AD0CE2E3C6DF800%40HK2PR0601MB1508.apcprd06.prod.outlook.com.
For more options, visit
https://groups.google.com/d/optout.
--
---
You received this message because you are subscribed to the
Google Groups "AfricanWorldForum" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails
from it, send an email to
africanworldforum+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com.
To post to this group, send email to
africanworldforum@googlegroups.com.
Visit this group at https://groups.google.com/group/africanworldforum.
To view this discussion on the web visit
https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/africanworldforum/153a4c4dcb8-45dd-e714%40webprd-m60.mail.aol.com.
For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout.
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999 --
#yiv9648045999ygrp-mkp {
border:1px solid #d8d8d8;font-family:Arial;margin:10px
0;padding:0 10px;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999ygrp-mkp hr {
border:1px solid #d8d8d8;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999ygrp-mkp #yiv9648045999hd {
color:#628c2a;font-size:85%;font-weight:700;line-height:122%;margin:10px
0;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999ygrp-mkp #yiv9648045999ads {
margin-bottom:10px;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999ygrp-mkp .yiv9648045999ad {
padding:0 0;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999ygrp-mkp .yiv9648045999ad p {
margin:0;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999ygrp-mkp .yiv9648045999ad a {
color:#0000ff;text-decoration:none;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999ygrp-sponsor
#yiv9648045999ygrp-lc {
font-family:Arial;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999ygrp-sponsor
#yiv9648045999ygrp-lc #yiv9648045999hd {
margin:10px
0px;font-weight:700;font-size:78%;line-height:122%;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999ygrp-sponsor
#yiv9648045999ygrp-lc .yiv9648045999ad {
margin-bottom:10px;padding:0 0;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999actions {
font-family:Verdana;font-size:11px;padding:10px 0;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999activity {
background-color:#e0ecee;float:left;font-family:Verdana;font-size:10px;padding:10px;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999activity span {
font-weight:700;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999activity span:first-child {
text-transform:uppercase;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999activity span a {
color:#5085b6;text-decoration:none;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999activity span span {
color:#ff7900;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999activity span
.yiv9648045999underline {
text-decoration:underline;}
#yiv9648045999 .yiv9648045999attach {
clear:both;display:table;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;padding:10px
0;width:400px;}
#yiv9648045999 .yiv9648045999attach div a {
text-decoration:none;}
#yiv9648045999 .yiv9648045999attach img {
border:none;padding-right:5px;}
#yiv9648045999 .yiv9648045999attach label {
display:block;margin-bottom:5px;}
#yiv9648045999 .yiv9648045999attach label a {
text-decoration:none;}
#yiv9648045999 blockquote {
margin:0 0 0 4px;}
#yiv9648045999 .yiv9648045999bold {
font-family:Arial;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;}
#yiv9648045999 .yiv9648045999bold a {
text-decoration:none;}
#yiv9648045999 dd.yiv9648045999last p a {
font-family:Verdana;font-weight:700;}
#yiv9648045999 dd.yiv9648045999last p span {
margin-right:10px;font-family:Verdana;font-weight:700;}
#yiv9648045999 dd.yiv9648045999last p
span.yiv9648045999yshortcuts {
margin-right:0;}
#yiv9648045999 div.yiv9648045999attach-table div div a {
text-decoration:none;}
#yiv9648045999 div.yiv9648045999attach-table {
width:400px;}
#yiv9648045999 div.yiv9648045999file-title a, #yiv9648045999
div.yiv9648045999file-title a:active, #yiv9648045999
div.yiv9648045999file-title a:hover, #yiv9648045999
div.yiv9648045999file-title a:visited {
text-decoration:none;}
#yiv9648045999 div.yiv9648045999photo-title a,
#yiv9648045999 div.yiv9648045999photo-title a:active,
#yiv9648045999 div.yiv9648045999photo-title a:hover,
#yiv9648045999 div.yiv9648045999photo-title a:visited {
text-decoration:none;}
#yiv9648045999 div#yiv9648045999ygrp-mlmsg
#yiv9648045999ygrp-msg p a span.yiv9648045999yshortcuts {
font-family:Verdana;font-size:10px;font-weight:normal;}
#yiv9648045999 .yiv9648045999green {
color:#628c2a;}
#yiv9648045999 .yiv9648045999MsoNormal {
margin:0 0 0 0;}
#yiv9648045999 o {
font-size:0;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999photos div {
float:left;width:72px;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999photos div div {
border:1px solid
#666666;height:62px;overflow:hidden;width:62px;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999photos div label {
color:#666666;font-size:10px;overflow:hidden;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;width:64px;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999reco-category {
font-size:77%;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999reco-desc {
font-size:77%;}
#yiv9648045999 .yiv9648045999replbq {
margin:4px;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999ygrp-actbar div a:first-child {
margin-right:2px;padding-right:5px;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999ygrp-mlmsg {
font-size:13px;font-family:Arial, helvetica, clean,
sans-serif;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999ygrp-mlmsg table {
font-size:inherit;font:100%;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999ygrp-mlmsg select,
#yiv9648045999 input, #yiv9648045999 textarea {
font:99% Arial, Helvetica, clean, sans-serif;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999ygrp-mlmsg pre, #yiv9648045999
code {
font:115% monospace;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999ygrp-mlmsg * {
line-height:1.22em;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999ygrp-mlmsg #yiv9648045999logo {
padding-bottom:10px;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999ygrp-msg p a {
font-family:Verdana;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999ygrp-msg
p#yiv9648045999attach-count span {
color:#1E66AE;font-weight:700;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999ygrp-reco
#yiv9648045999reco-head {
color:#ff7900;font-weight:700;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999ygrp-reco {
margin-bottom:20px;padding:0px;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999ygrp-sponsor #yiv9648045999ov
li a {
font-size:130%;text-decoration:none;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999ygrp-sponsor #yiv9648045999ov
li {
font-size:77%;list-style-type:square;padding:6px 0;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999ygrp-sponsor #yiv9648045999ov
ul {
margin:0;padding:0 0 0 8px;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999ygrp-text {
font-family:Georgia;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999ygrp-text p {
margin:0 0 1em 0;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999ygrp-text tt {
font-size:120%;}
#yiv9648045999 #yiv9648045999ygrp-vital ul li:last-child {
border-right:none !important;
}
#yiv9648045999
--
---
You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "AfricanWorldForum" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to africanworldforum+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com.
To post to this group, send email to africanworldforum@googlegroups.com.
Visit this group at https://groups.google.com/group/africanworldforum.
To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/africanworldforum/1847837984.18666.1458789256781.JavaMail.yahoo%40mail.yahoo.com.
For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout.
| Reply via web post | • | Reply to sender | • | Reply to group | • | Start a New Topic | • | Messages in this topic (3) |
Listserv moderated by Toyin Falola, University of Texas at Austin
To post to this group, send an email to USAAfricaDialogue@googlegroups.com
To subscribe to this group, send an email to USAAfricaDialogue+subscribe@googlegroups.com
Current archives at http://groups.google.com/group/USAAfricaDialogue
Early archives at http://www.utexas.edu/conferences/africa/ads/index.html
---
You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "USA Africa Dialogue Series" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to usaafricadialogue+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com.
For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout.
No comments:
Post a Comment