On 31 Dec 2019, at 13:26, Toyin Falola <toyinfalola@austin.utexas.edu> wrote:
--Rex:
One third of Nigerians may not know who Zik and Awo were. Close to 50% of Nigerians were born after the Civil War.
A new generation has to forge its own future, as we must vacate the space for them.
Afrofuturism will take a different trajectory.
You and I must begin to phase out and let those under 40 rethink the society they want, engage their battles, be critical of you and I. Our own irrelevances—and we must admit to our failure (I am a failure) should not stand in the way of their success.
Happy new year.
TF
Toyin Falola
Department of History
The University of Texas at Austin
104 Inner Campus Drive
Austin, TX 78712-0220, USA
From: Rex Marinus <rexmarinus@hotmail.com>
Date: Tuesday, December 31, 2019 at 7:15 AM
To: Toyin Falola <toyinfalola@austin.utexas.edu>, dialogue <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>
Subject: Re: Happy New Year
I hear you. Still... .
They were key figures in that moment in the 20th century when there was a global African push to forge new paths. It seems that at every era, we have people who create the conditions of war, and enslavement in Africa - the undertakers who are complicit with the slaver traders and colonizers. As Azikiwe used to frequently remonstrate with Awo and the Egbe who began to talk about a "Yoruba race," - the Yoruba is not a "race," he warned them. We are all Black folk as a race cut from a common cloth. Let's join hand and work for the revindication of the black man and for a renascent Africa! They did not listen. We tend to do "equal opportunity celebration" of all figures of our history. That's my problem. There must be some accounting of who does what through the historical narrative which gives us a sense of which path each man has trod. Still, I hear you.
Obi Nwakanma
From: Toyin Falola <toyinfalola@austin.utexas.edu>
Sent: Tuesday, December 31, 2019 1:04 PM
To: Rex Marinus <rexmarinus@hotmail.com>; usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>
Subject: Re: Happy New Year
Obi:
Awo and Zik did not cause the troubles and wars in Sudan, Niger, Chad, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Rwanda, Zaire, Libya, etc.
Awo was not Hutu and Zik a Tutsi!!!
Awo and Zik did not create the Atlantic Slave Trade
Awo and Zik did not create colonial domination
Toyin Falola
Department of History
The University of Texas at Austin
104 Inner Campus Drive
Austin, TX 78712-0220, USA
From: Rex Marinus <rexmarinus@hotmail.com>
Date: Tuesday, December 31, 2019 at 7:00 AM
To: Toyin Falola <toyinfalola@austin.utexas.edu>, dialogue <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>
Subject: Re: Happy New Year
I wish well too, T.F. I hope that you have many more years; good cognac; good food and appetite. A happy new year to you. As for the old year, I steered clear from the mythologies of Rabbi Cunnin' and his fellow geriatric mythologists. And on the contrary, the Azikiwe- Awo questions laid the foundations of our current woes, so they must be debated. We must know exactly where the rain began to beat us. So that those coming in future, if there be such a future, will not make the mistakes of the past. That is what you historians teach us. I sdalute yuou sir!
Obi Nwakanma
From: usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com> on behalf of Toyin Falola <toyinfalola@austin.utexas.edu>
Sent: Tuesday, December 31, 2019 12:43 PM
To: usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>
Subject: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Happy New Year
To Rex and his friends:
I hope you know that the Awo-Zik debate is not the way to end a year.
Wishing one another blessings, good health, prosperity, and a greater future for Africa is far more important than fighting over dead heroes.
To Obi, Kadiri, Aluko, Agbetuyi and others, I wish you well. I pray that our future will be more important than our past.
As you fight over your heroes, remember the victims of Boko Haram, violence, oil pollution, a mismanaged country, etc. and pray that it will be well with you and I.
TF
Toyin Falola
Department of History
The University of Texas at Austin
104 Inner Campus Drive
Austin, TX 78712-0220, USA
From: dialogue <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com> on behalf of Rex Marinus <rexmarinus@hotmail.com>
Reply-To: dialogue <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>
Date: Tuesday, December 31, 2019 at 6:39 AM
To: Cornelius Hamelberg <corneliushamelberg@gmail.com>, dialogue <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Awo's reply decliningmembershipofthe 1986 Political Bureau
Because, Oyibo or not, they did their work. They went to real, verifiable sources. That's why.
Obi Nwakanma
From: usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com> on behalf of Cornelius Hamelberg <corneliushamelberg@gmail.com>
Sent: Tuesday, December 31, 2019 12:00 AM
To: USA Africa Dialogue Series <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Awo's reply decliningmembershipofthe 1986 Political Bureau
Just a thought on the "nationalist" angle: Re- " have been fed hokum by their masters, and they have in turn fed hokum to those whom they can influence. I want to refer them to just two sources relevant to this discussion, who have done enormous work on that period. The first will be James S. Coleman, whose Nigeria: A Background to Nationalism, is now a classic of that history. The second will be Martin Lynn who scoured through End of Empire document sources in his essay, "The Eastern Nigeria Crisis, 1955-1957," published in The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History."
Why should these two oyibos be your authorities?
On Tuesday, 31 December 2019 00:20:22 UTC+1, Rex Marinus wrote:Salimonu Kadiri mixes up two different events in the political life of Eastern Nigeria. One, Azikiwe government's investigation of widespread corruption in municipal governments in Eastern Nigeria under the colonial government, which preceded the Forster Sutton Commission instituted clearly without cause by Lennox-Boyd, the colonial secretary, in a ploy with Clement Pleass, the Governor, whom Azikiwe had very strategically isolated and made irrelevant on assuming government in Eastern Nigeria.
He says I "invented history." So, I will step aside and refer him, and the like, and whoever else needs a bit more education on that aspect of Nigerian history. The problem is that the likes of Kadiri have been fed hokum by their masters, and they have in turn fed hokum to those whom they can influence. I want to refer them to just two sources relevant to this discussion, who have done enormous work on that period. The first will be James S. Coleman, whose Nigeria: A Background to Nationalism, is now a classic of that history. The second will be Martin Lynn who scoured through End of Empire document sources in his essay, "The Eastern Nigeria Crisis, 1955-1957," published in The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. The facts they deploy agree specifically with mine. But you do not have to believe me. Just read, and then, we should know who mythologizes and invents Nigerian history.
Obi Nwakanma
From: usaafric...@googlegroups.com <usaafric...@googlegroups.com> on behalf of Salimonu Kadiri <ogunl...@hotmail.com>
Sent: Monday, December 30, 2019 9:23 PM
To: usaafric...@googlegroups.com <usaafric...@googlegroups.com>
Subject: Sv: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Awo's reply decliningmembershipofthe 1986 Political Bureau
Obi Nwakanma,
You are inventing your own version of history of the Commission of Inquiry into the African Continental Bank Chaired by Sir Stafford Foster-Sutton in 1956. The genesis to the Foster-Sutton Commission of Inquiry into African Continental Bank evolved from the Eastern Regional Government appointed Commission of Inquiry, in August 1955, to investigate the extent of bribery and corruption in all branches of public life within the region and to propose measures to remedy such, if discovered. Sequel to the government's inquiry were the three reports of inquiries it had conducted into the local government council in Port Harcourt, Onitsha and Aba which disclosed massive misconduct on the part of the elected councillors. Speaking at a meeting of the NCNC Eastern Working Committee in Aba in July 1955, Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe deplored the prevalence of corruption in local government. He emphasized, "It does no credit to fill local government bodies and legislatures of the land with crooks who have stained hands." The early 1955 inquiries into allocation of Market stalls at Aba, where Azikiwe was speaking had shown massive corruption. However, at the August 1955 Commission of inquiry which began sitting in November 1955, it was alleged that the Eastern Region Minister of Finance, Mazi Mbonu Ojike, had been corrupt during his tenure as Minister of Works in 1954. At the time of the allegation, Ojike was acting as the Premier for Azikiwe who was abroad. When the Commission reached deadlock on Ojike's guilt the Chairman of the Commission, Barrister Chuba Ikpeazu, cast his vote to declare Ojike guilty of corruption on 19 January 1956. On January 21, 1956, the Premier, Nnamdi Azikiwe, requested the Minister of Land, M.C. Awgwu and Ojike to resign. Ojike had been the arrowhead that helped to overthrow the government of Eyo Ita in the East to pave way for Azikiwe's take over in 1953.
A close associate of Ojike, Effiong O. Eyo, from Uyo, in the then Calabar Province, was also accused of corruption before the Commission. In April 1956, Uyo asked to be relieved of his position as Chief Whip in the Eastern House of Assembly as well as the Chairman of Eastern Region Development Corporation. Immediately after his request was granted, Effiong O. Eyo accused the Premier, Nnamdi Azikiwe, of grossly abusing his office in connection with the investment and the deposit of public funds in a private bank of which Nnamdi Azikiwe was the principal owner. On August 4, 1956, the Secretary of State for the colonies appointed a Tribunal of Inquiry under the chairmanship of Sir Stafford Foster-Sutton, the Chief Justice of the Federation of Nigeria, to inquire into "allegations of improper conduct on the part of Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe, Premier of Eastern Region of Nigeria, in connection with the affairs of the African Continental Bank Limited; the circumstances in which securities, belonging to Eastern Region Marketing Board were transferred to the Eastern Region Finance Corporation and the circumstances in which such proceeds were invested in or deposited with the African Continental Bank Limited by the Eastern Region Finance Corporation."
In 1944, Nnamdi Azikiwe acquired a small property bank, named Tinubu Properties Limited. By 1948, he renamed it the African Continental Bank Limited, of which he made himself Founder, Governing Director and Chairman. In 1949, the nominal capital of the bank was £250,000 with the shares held by himself and members of his family. Zik Group of Companies as submitted by Nnamdi Azikiwe were : The African Continental Bank; The African Book Company; the Comet Press Limited; The Associated Newspaper of Nigeria; the Nigerian Paper Co.; the Nigerian Printing Supply Co.; the Nigerian Real State Corporation; the West African Pilot Ltd.; Suburban Transport Ltd.; Nigerian Commodities Ltd.; the African News Agency Ltd; and Zik Enterprises Ltd., a holding company owning lands and buildings of the newspapers. At the Tribunal, Maxi Mbonu Ojike, accepted responsibility for the Financial transactions between African Continental Bank and the Eastern Region Marketing Board as well as Eastern Region Finance Corporation. Foster-Sutton Tribunal of Inquiry sat for fifty days and its report was made known in December 1956. Shortly before the report was released Maxi Mbonu Ojike died on 28 November 1956, under mysterious circumstance, attributed to hypertension. The Tribunal established that Dr. Nnamdi Azikwe owned the African Continental Bank with his family and Zik Group of Company. The Tribunal discovered that Azikiwe had used his position to get the Eastern Region Government to sustain the obviously distressed bank while loans at unusually low interest rates, WITH PAYMENTS UNCONVENTIONALLY DEFFERED TO 1971, were in turn given to Zik Group of Companies. The Colonial Governor of Eastern Region then, Sir Clement Pleass commented, "The exercise of public power and private profit is established in the East." Consequent to the report, some members of the NCNC demanded Azikiwe's resignation in order to uphold the party's reputation. Azikiwe had asked Ojike and Adelabu to resign when commissions of enquiries had impugned on their honesty. However, on 18 January 1957, a joint meeting of the National Executive Committee and the Eastern Parliamentary Party adopted recommendations submitted by the joint (Federal and Eastern) Ministerial Council to the effect that the Eastern House of Assembly should be dissolved for new elections to test public confidence in Azikiwe's government.
Contrary to the invented history by Obi Nwakanma that it was the British colonial power who wanted to use 'corruption bogey' to trap Azikiwe prior to 1959 election, it was Zik himself, who despite having glass jaws threw punches on Aba local government councillors in 1955 when he accused them of being crooks and corrupt. A retaliatory punch at his glass jaws by his people, and not the colonialist, caused his jaws to crack. Which other Nigerian companies did African Continental Bank give credit loans beside his Zik Group of Companies if his Bank was set up to counterbalance British Banks discrimination of Nigerian businessmen?
S. Kadiri
Från: usaafric...@googlegroups.com <usaafric...@googlegroups.com> för Rex Marinus <rexma...@hotmail.com>
Skickat: den 29 december 2019 21:10
Till: OLAYINKA AGBETUYI <yagb...@hotmail.com>; usaafric...@googlegroups.com <usaafric...@googlegroups.com>; toyin....@gmail.com <toyin....@gmail.com>
Ämne: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Awo's reply decliningmembershipofthe 1986 Political Bureau
Yinka, let me paraphrase what the Forster Sutton reports said of Azikiwe: "although authorizing the investment of the Eastern Nigerian Produce board's fund in a bank in which his family had interest fell below conduct expected of public officer, but there is no evidence to suggest that Azikiwe benefited or intended to benefit directly from this transaction. It was basically a move to reflate and strengthen an African bank and make it capable of providing credit to indigenous African businessmen which British banks like Barclays or BBWA were not doing." This is a summary and a paraphrase.
The Forster Sutton report is in the public domain. Tignor makes clear the British colonial administration's use of the "corruption" bogey to undermine and trap Azikiwe leading on to the Federal elections of 1959, and particularly after the NCNC's winning of the Southern votes in the 1954 elections. In that drama of 1956 staged with Sir Clement Pleass also was the proposal to invade the East with the British army, remove Zik, and postpone independence in the East permanently until the English GOC warned against the consequence of martyring Zik. The NCNC was undermined, leading first to the "Zik Must go" movement led by Mbadiwe and Kola Balogun in 1957/58, and the NCNC National party crisis of 1958 which Zik forcefully resolved after the Aba national convention. Zik's perspicacious management of these events made it possible for the party to go into the 1959 elections which the NCNC clearly won with a massive plurality of votes cast nationally. Following that pattern of votes, Azikiwe was called in by the Governor-General, given the full picture, and the rest is a story that shall be fully written. But very important: leading on to the 1957 constitutional conference after the Forster Sutton commission had published its report was the private communication by Awolowo to the Colonial secretary, assuring him not to worry about Zik any longer because, "we have damaged him permanently with the Forster Sutton report. He is no longer a credible threat." words to that effect. Which suggest a very vast plot to undermine the Nationalist party leading on to the final rounds of decolonization. Again, the Forster Sutton reports are public documents, Yinka. You should consult them, and not presume or retail half-digested info!
Obi Nwakanma
From: usaafric...@googlegroups.com <usaafric...@googlegroups.com> on behalf of OLAYINKA AGBETUYI <yagb...@hotmail.com>
Sent: Sunday, December 29, 2019 5:30 PM
To: usaafric...@googlegroups.com <usaafric...@googlegroups.com>; toyin....@gmail.com <toyin....@gmail.com>
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Awo's reply decliningmembershipofthe 1986 Political Bureau
Forster Sutton stated the Azikiwe interests in ACB, Coker did not establish Awolowo family interests in the companies mentioned.
So the cases are not similar.
OAA
Sent from my Samsung Galaxy smartphone.
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From: Rex Marinus <rexma...@hotmail.com>
Date: 29/12/2019 17:07 (GMT+00:00)
To: toyin....@gmail.com, usaafricadialogue <usaafric...@googlegroups.com>
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Awo's reply decliningmembershipofthe 1986 Political Bureau
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Toyin Adepoju, thank you for a thoroughly disinterested, and incisive use of archival documents. Tignor especially puts both the Forster Sutton Commission and the Coker commission in very unambiguous relief. Let mythmakers have their day. But, well, "history will vindicate the just..." ultimately.
Obi Nwakanma
From: usaafric...@googlegroups.com <usaafric...@googlegroups.com> on behalf of Oluwatoyin Vincent Adepoju <toyin....@gmail.com>
Sent: Sunday, December 29, 2019 9:11 AM
To: usaafricadialogue <usaafric...@googlegroups.com>
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Awo's reply declining membershipofthe 1986 Political Bureau
Thanks Kadiri, for these efforts at telling and interpreting a history we are trying to understand.
Who Was Obafemi Awolowo?
Obafemi Awolowo was a great leader, a fine economic and development thinker and effective though controversial executor of economic and development ideas, a remarkable and controversial war strategist, as demonstrated by the role of his economic maneuvers in the Nigerian side in the Nigerian Civil War, a rich writer and political thinker, a study in the oscillation between ethnic empowerment and nationalistic vision and leadership, a mirror within the complexities of whose career is refracted the ongoing journey of SW intelligentsia in relation to the Nigerian project.
He will always inspire debate.
How sustainable is this argument of yours?
On Accuracy of Information Presented so Far
I understand you as dismissing the scholarly accounts of the content and effects of the Coker Report on the basis of your conviction that the report could not have contributed to Akintola taking over the premiership of Western region from Awo and because an encyclopedia account of the sums described as misappropriated rendered them in a currency that Nigeria was not using at the time.
You also argue that the report rendered a verdict of 'questionable legality' and not illegality in relation to the financial transactions it unearthed, this being different from a verdict of outright corruption, leading to the Commission being unable to recommend anyone for a corruption prosecution.
An online encyclopedia may be forgiven for converting the sums referenced by the Commission to current currency but you can see that the scholarly articles quoted, from academic journals and academic fora, were careful to indicate the pound sterling sums described as stated by the report.
As for your account of why Akintola was reinstalled as premier, could you provide your sources for this information, in the context of an examination of the views on the various factors that contributed to this outcome?
You might have documents you can scan and upload or you could do some research to find such documents in order to substantiate your account as well as analyzing them in relation to the conclusions you are drawing from them.
That is vital bcs this debate is about moving beyond statements of opinion to the reasoned justification of opinion based on verifiable facts.
Accounts of the Commission's Enquiries and its Conclusions
How true is this-
'National Bank was the main target of the Coker Commission of Inquiry...Certainly, the transactions were legal but not corrupt and that was why the Commission could not recommend anyone to be prosecuted for corruption. However, those afflicted with Nigeria's type of AIDS, Acquired Intelligence Deficient Syndrome, would say Awolowo chopped Cocoa money well, well, even though nothing like that was reported in Coker report. '
The available evidence indicates that the indictments of the Commission emerged significantly, among other sources, from investigations of the state owned Western Region Marketing Board " the major financier of development projects in the region through the region's development corporations" as stated by Adeyinka Theresa Ajayi, ,Ajibade Idowu Samuel and Oladiti Abiodun Akeem in 'Produce Buying and Marketing Boards in Nigeria: Interrogating the Fiscal Role of Western Nigeria Marketing Board 1942-1962', concluding "that the process of development was circumscribed due to misappropriation and diversion of funds derived from the Western Region Marketing Board" .
Robert L. Tignor's "Political Corruption in Nigeria before Independence" quotes at least three pages of the Coker Report reinforcing this summation, depicting the Report as describing the mode of acquisition as well as the use of those monies in question as enrichment of a group, Awo's party, thereby developing his personal power base, against the interests of the larger community, the Western Region, and therefore a serous breach of public trust, leading to the reports' indictment of Awo and his party as featuring in several accounts of corruption in Nigerian history:
"..a most flagrant breach of trust... by which the peoples of the Western Region have been robbed of the financial benefits to which they are entitled from the Western Regional Marketing Board'. ( 'Nigeria, Report of the Coker Commission of Inquiry into the Affairs of Certain Statutory Corporations in Western Nigeria, Lagos, 1962, p.36.)
Celestine Osuala's "An Analysis of the Marketing Boards of Nigeria 1939-1966" is more specific on the methods through which these monies were channeled:
"Of the three Boards, the Western Regional Marketing Board channeled the largest absolute amounts into private enterprise, exclusive of those grants to the Development and Finance Corporations(Federation of Nigeria, Report of Coker Commission of Inguiry into the Affairs of Certain Statutory Corporation in Western Nigeria, Vol. 1 ,1962, P. 65.)
The bulk of these funds went to a bank and a real estate concern, the affairs of which were closely bound up with those of the political party then in power in the Western Region and its leading members. "
An Indictment of Obafemi Awolowo by the Commission in its Own Words
On the specific character of the indictments by the Commission, in their own words, a basic search for references to "Obafemi Awolowo" in volume 2 of the Report of Coker Commission of Inquiry into the Affairs of Certain Statutory Corporations in Western Nigeria, 1962 provides the following information on page 33, para 3::
"It seems clear to us on the evidence that the sale of Moba [ real estate] to the Western Nigeria government at the price of 850, 000 pounds is a most elaborate and criminal conspiracy to obtain that amount of money from the Government for the benefit of the Action Group.
To start with we observe that Chief Obafemi Awolowo who was and is at at all material times the Federal President and Leader of the party knew all about the scheme and in fact, in our view, actually engineered it."
The report then describes how the Commission came to this conclusion by reconstructing the chain of decision from and to Awolowo on the subject and how they were able to reconstruct this decision chain.
They sum up in paras 7 and 8-
" We are satisfied that the value placed on Moba by Messrs Gleave and Fox [ Chartered Surveyors ] is entirely unrealistic and cannot be sustained by any logical arguments whatsoever.
...we have no doubt that they themselves were involved in this vicious conspiracy of getting money by such sinister means off the Western Region government.
We refer in particular to the monstrous document placed in the hands of the Government of Western Nigeria by Messrs Gleave and Fox, exhibit MOO.26."
Searches in vol. 3 linked at the University of Florida source of the report and vols 1 and 4 not available at that source should provide more information.
Need to Clarify One's Position and Provide Substantiating Evidence
In relation to this evidence demonstrating that the report indicted Awo of diverting public funds to his political party, and one of the sources, Tignor, quoting the report as declaring that Awo did that in the name of building a political empire in which he played a central role, solidifying his power base, are you trying to suggest that the Coker Report did not indict Awolowo for misappropriation of funds meant for the Western region?
A writer who wishes to overturn such an established scholarly consensus as well as evidence from the copy of the report linked here will need to not only cite the relevant sections of the report that support their view, but also make those sections available in order to prove their case beyond doubt.
This is particularly vital because this debate hinges on the demand to provide evidence that anyone can verify, namely, the text of the 1962 Coker Commission report.
As we have observed repeatedly on this forum, and is obvious from observing historical accounts, claims of what happened, and how and why they happened, cant be taken for granted but need to be substantiated in a verifiable manner bcs two people may give different accounts of the same history.
Having established beyond doubt what the Coker Report actually states, one may then proceed to examining the justice of the report's position.
thanks
toyin
On Sun, 29 Dec 2019 at 00:28, Salimonu Kadiri <ogunl...@hotmail.com> wrote:
Thank you, Oluwatoyin Vincent Adepoju, for your attempt to resuscitate the 1962 Coker Commission of enquiry i
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