Wow.
Looks like a powerfully reseearched article.
Could be submitted for consideration to journals for publication, as the journal of the history of science, ISIS, or to the new journal by academia.edu, Academia Letters and others.
Thanks
Toyin
On Sun, Feb 27, 2022, 17:11 Salimonu Kadiri <ogunlakaiye@hotmail.com> wrote:
--With the admission of Robert Gallo and his acolytes that they mistakenly published LAV's picture as their purported newly discovered HTLV-III and the face-saving agreement between Presidents Reagan and Chirac to avert viral theft case filed in the court by France, other scientists began to look into Gallo's past strange viral discoveries. In 1975, Gallo announced that he had isolated the first human retrovirus from a leukaemia patient, HL23, and was prepared to discuss his findings at the annual virus cancer programme meeting in Hershey, Pennyslavania. In preparation for the meeting he had sent, in advance, some samples for independent examination. To Gallo's dismay, scientists found that his human retrovirus was no more than a laboratory contamination of not one, but three different monkey retroviruses, namely gibbon-ape virus, simian sarcoma virus and baboon endogenous virus (p.172, AIDS and the Doctors of Death by Dr Alan Cantwell jr., M.D.; p.38, Positively False - Exposing the Myths Around HIV and AIDS by Joan Shenton; and p.43, AIDS : The HIV Myth by JAD ADAMS). How did monkey retroviruses get into Gallo's laboratory, six years before GRID (AIDS) first appeared in the U.S.? If monkeys were already playing important role in Gallo's research in 1975, isn't strange that he should put the origin of his HTLV-I on African slaves and monkeys brought to the Japanese Islands of Kyushu and Shikoku by 16th century Portuguese adventurers?
On p. 1201-4 of Science, volume 228, June 7, 1985, Gallo's pals, M.D. Daniel, N.L. Letvin, P.J. Kanki, M. Essex et al. published a paper titled : Isolation of T-cell tropic HTLV-III-like retrovirus from Macaques. They reported : The isolation of a T-cell tropic retrovirus from three immunodeficient macaques and one macaque with lymphoma is described. The morphology, growth characteristics, and antigenic properties of this virus indicate that it is related to the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome in humans (HTLV-III or LAV). This virus is referred to as simian T-lymphotropic virus type III (STLV-III of macaques . . . Since placing the origin of HIV in Africa was the intention of Essex and colleagues, they realized that the Asian monkey like the macaque was against their dreamt target. Therefore, P.J. Kanki, J. Alroy and M. Essex got their paper published on p.951-4, in volume 230 issue of 22 November 1985 Science under the main title : Isolation of T-lymphotropic retrovirus related to HTLV-III/LAV from wild caught African green monkeys. In their desire to prove African origin of AIDS, Essex and colleagues wrote among other things : A disproportionate number of AIDS cases has been reported in Central Africa; some of these cases were observed prior to recognition of the disease in the United States or Europe. It has therefore been speculated that HTLV-III and AIDS originated in Central Africa. We therefore investigated the possibility that primates indigenous to Central Africa are carriers of an infectious virus serologically to HTLV-III/LAV. In a survey of a variety of African primate species we found a high prevalence of antibodies to STLV-III in healthy African Green Monkeys, (SLTV-III-agm). It is noteworthy that although the wild caught African green monkeys utilised by the researchers were said to have been from Kenya and Ethiopia respectively, they went on to conclude that AIDS originated in Central Africa which is geographically far from Kenya and Ethiopia. With the African green monkey's SLTV hypothesis, Essex, Gallo and their likes began to speculate on how the virus jumped species to infect Africans. When Gallo's appropriation of Montagnier's LAV which he renamed HTLV-III came to public knowledge, scientists in the U.S. and Europe began to look into previous discoveries announced by his associates especially the SLTV-III. If HTLV-III was a fake discovery, could the discovery of STLV-III (agm), which was thought to have jumped species in Central Africa to become HTLV-III, not be fake too?
Relying on the purported isolation of what they called STLV-III (agm) in November 1985 to place the origin of AIDS in Central Africa, the New Scientists of 15 October 1987, on p. 27, carried the headline : EVIDENCE FOR ORIGIN IS WEAK. On p.28 of January issue of Skin and Allergy News, the Headline read : HIV ORIGIN, "A CONTINUING MYSTERY"- GREEN MONKEY THEORY DISPUTED. In the Nature (a science journal), volume 331 of February 18, 1988, Carel Mulder on p. 562-563, debunking the STLV-IIIagm hypothesis wrote under the headline : A CASE OF MISTAKEN IDENTITY. In the same volume of Nature, Harry W. Kestler, Y. Li, Ronald Desrosiers et al on p. 619-621, titled their letter : COMPARISON OF SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS ISOLATES. Therein,they disclosed that Essex and Kanki's alleged African green monkey as precursor of the human AIDS virus was none other than the isolate of SIVmac251 obtained from an immunosuppressed rhesus macaque at the New England Regional Primate Research Center. It was SIVmac 251, bled in 1979, Essex and Kanki worked with and magically conjured to wild caught African green monkey. Wild macaque monkeys lacked the virus. In their own letter in the same volume of Nature simply titled : Reply to Kestler et al, M. Essex, P. Kanki et al, acknowledged that their wild caught African green monkey virus was mistakenkly switched by them to simian virus macaque 251, bled in 1979. Writing on page 32 of the New Scientist, February 25, 1988, Steve Connor sacastically titled his article : LABORATORY MIXED-UP SOLVES AIDS MYSTERY. Carel Mulder, Professor of Pharmacology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiolgy at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, bluntly titled his article in volume 333, June 2, 1988, on p.396 thus : HUMAN VIRUS NOT FROM MONKEYS. Categorically, he stated, "The fact that SIVagm sequence is so remarkably different from the human AIDS viruses indicates that the human viruses cannot have originated from African green monkeys . . ." Despite the fact that the hypothesis of virus from African green monkeys jumped species to infect Africans was put foward in 1985, it was not until 1988 that the hypothesis was exposed as a myth and a fraud. While for the sake of brevity, I cannot go through all the hypotheses that was put forward to place the origin of HIV/AIDS in Africa, I want to recall the claim of some U.S. virologists about how HIV infected humans in Africa already in 1959.
André Nahmias was an Egyptian born American professor of epidemiology and immunology at Emory University, Atlanta. He had inherited over a thousand of frozen plasmas collected by the U.S. seroarchiologists, professors Arno Motulsky and Moses Schanfield in Zaire (now Democratic Republic of Congo), Congo (Brazaville) South Africa, and Mozambique between 1959 and 1982. The purpose of collecting the blood, certainly without the approval of the persons concerned, was to study the genetics of the population of Congo and other African populations. In the era of HIV/AIDS, Nahmias contacted Essex and others to test the archived blood samples from 'Africa' in his possession. They tested 1,213 plasma samples of which they claimed one from 1959 repeatedly tested positive for antibodies to HIV. They claimed that the positive sample came from an individual (gender unknown) who resided in Leopoldville (now Kinshasa), in 1959. The sample was labelled Leopodville strain or L70 which is number 70 of the total 99 blood samples collected in Leopodville area in 1959. Therefore, in a letter to the Lancet, published on p. 1279-1280 of May 31, 1986, A. J. Nahmias, J. Weiss, X. Yao, F. Lee, R. Kodsi, M. Schanfield, T. Matthews, D. Bologniesi, D. Durack, A. Motulsky, P. Kanki and M. Essex it was titled : Evidence For Human Infection with an HTLV-III/LAV-like Virus in Central Africa, !959. According to Laurie Garrett, the existence of the 1959 blood sample, L70, was never independently confirmed as it was lost by American scientists. (p. 371 & 380, The Coming Plague, New Emerging Diseases in a World Out of Balance). Since the aim of Essex and colleagues was to establish that AIDS existed in Africa before the U.S., they supported their Lancet's publication with the claim that their findings had been confirmed by three other laboratories using different techniques. The three other laboratories referred to by Essex's group were already committed evangelists of African origin of HIV namely, Robert Gallo's lab in Bethesda, Dr C. Schable's lab at CDC and Abbot lab, the licensed producer of ELISA screening test for HIV. The mysterious L70 blood sample from Kinshasa conjured forth by Essex and colleagues, which no other scientists could verify its origin, was utilised to classify Africa as the den of HIV/AIDS by the entire Western world. Not even Sweden known for her solidarity with the underdeveloped world and sympathy for Africa could resist the American unproved fairy tale that HIV/AIDS was an African disease that spread to America and Europe.
In the Swedish National Encyclopaedia, volume one (Library Edition, 1989) the following is said to be facts about AIDS: Hitherto, the oldest blood sample that has been found which shows that the patient had AIDS, is from the Kinshasa region in Zaire (now Democratic Republic of Congo), in 1959. That can be an explanation as to why AIDS has gotten a special remarkable spread in several countries in central Africa (p. 126). The purpose of collecting blood in 1959 was for genetical study and the person to which the L70 (1959) belonged was unknown. According to Essex and colleagues in their Lancet publication, only one (nr.70) of the 99 collected blood samples in Zaire was possitive to HIV anti-body test and it could not be confirmed (since the donor of the sample was not known) if the presumed person that the blood that tested possitive to HIV anti-body belonged to ever developed AIDS. Viewed from those angles, the Swedish National Encyclopaedia's fact about an AIDS patient in Africa, 1959, was a fiction.
In 1991, the Rector of Karolinska Institute in Stocholm, Professor Hans Wigzell, published a book titled : Vårt Fantastiska Immmun Fösvar = Our Fantastic Immune Defence. Therein on p 114, Professor Wigzell put the origin of HIV in Africa thus : Examination of old blood samples showed that this virus (HIV) had not existed in the USA before 1970 and not in other European countries either, but perhaps it had been in Western West Africa already at the end of the 50s. Screening of the population in different countries which is still ungoing and therefore is partly unreliable, indicates that several million Africans are infected, above all then in Zaire and Central African Republic. Wigzell's idea that HIV, perhaps, had existed in West central Africa at the end of 1950s was culled from Essex and his group's Lancet publication of 31 May 1986. The learned professor knew at the time he wrote the book that Essex had admitted to presenting laboratory contaminant as simian virus he discovered in a wild caught African green monkeys after he had been proved wrong by other scientists. Yet, professor Wigzell took shelter under the hypothetical word perhaps to place the origin of HIV in West Central Africa already at the end of 1950s. Besides that, how can one reasonably conclude, as professor Wigzell did, that ''several million Africans are HIV-infected'' based on ongoing screenings that were, according to him, unreliable.
By 1992, volume 9 of the Swedish National Encyclopaedia was published and on HIV it was written : HIV has now spread around the whole world but the epedemics had its origin in Africa where HIV-I and HIV-II had been transmitted from monkeys in Central and Western parts of the continent. Six years earlier at the Second International Conference on AIDS in Paris, June 23-25, 1986, C. Rouzioux, C. Jaeger, F. Bun-Vezinet,et al, presented a report titled : Absence of Antibody to LAV/HTLV-III and STLV-III (mac) in Pygmies. They had combed the forests of Cameroon, Congo, and Central African Republic to look for Pygmies who are said to live in the jungle and hunt monkeys for food. They bled as much Pygmies as they wanted and screened their blood samples without finding any case of HIV-I or HIV-II infection. Besides the hypothesis of Gallo, Essex and colleagues, there has never been any scientific proof that HIV-I and HIV-II were transmitted to man in Africa. The hypothesis of monkey virus infecting humans in Africa was given a deadly by the Australian born Dr Rosalind J. Harrisson of Burton Hospital, Britain, when in 1997 she wrote, "It is easy to gain the impression that simian (monkey) retroviruses can readily infect humans, but evidence for this is minimal. The Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) that have been isolated from monkeys are, like all other retroviruses, species-specific, i.e. in nature no monkey retroviruses normally infect a human or indeed a different species of monkeys and there is no monkey reservoir for the HIV. Only laboratory chimpanzees have been reported to be successfully infected with HIV but they do not become ill. AIDS researchers have claimed that Africans inject themselves with monkey blood (as sexual stimulant) or give their children dead monkeys as toys . . . . and even for the minority of Africans who hunt and eat monkeys, the prospect for human infection with even a mutant strain of SIV WOULD BE VERY REMOTE. A far more efficient potential route for transmission of SIV to humans occurred not in AFRICA BUT IN EUROPE DURING THE 1920S. Thousands of European men underwent an operation that was believed to slow the ageing process and bring about rejuvenation(virility) The technique was pioneered by Dr Serge Voronof, a Russian working in Paris, and INVOLVED THE TRANSPLANTATION OF TESTICLES FROM LIVING CHIMPANZEES, MONKEYS AND OTHER SIMIAN SPECIES DIRECTLY ONTO THE TESTICLE OF THE HUMAN RECIPIENT. The procedure was so popular ... but however spurious the benefits of the operation, THERE WERE NO REPORTED ILL EFFECTS AND NO SUBSEQUENT EPIDEMIC OF AIDS." (P.46-48, Western Medicine As Contested Knowledge, edited by Andrew Cunningham and Bridie Andrews, Manchester University Press, 1997. In chapter 2 of the book, Dr Rosalind J. Harrison-Chimurita titled her contribution - AIDS from Africa : Western Science or Racist Mythology). In spite of counter evidence, Gallo, Essex and others backed by the U.S. government and big American pharmaceutical companies, continued to propagate not only for the African origin of HIV and AIDS but for millions of infected and dead Africans which governments in Africa are either ignorant of or unwilling to acknoledge. Naturally, Western Europe accepted and acted on the U.S. claim that Africa was the den of HIV and AIDS. (to be continued) S. Kadiri
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