Where Are All the Islamic Terrorists?
Amit Dave, Reuters - Islamic terrorism has not posed as strong a
threat as many feared, in part because of the failure of most Muslims
to join the movement. Above, a veiled Muslim woman was among those
protesting against the deadly attacks that took place in Mumbai in
2008.
By Charles Kurzman
Earlier this month, a few hours after a bomb exploded in downtown
Oslo, I got a call from a journalist seeking comment. Why did Al Qaeda
attack Norway? Why not a European country with a larger Muslim
community, or a significant military presence in Muslim societies? I
said I didn't know.
A second media inquiry soon followed: Given NATO's involvement in
Afghanistan and Iraq, and the number of disaffected Muslims in Europe,
why don't we see more attacks like the one in Norway? This question
was more up my alley. I recently published a book asking why Islamic
terrorism has been rarer than many of us feared after 9/11. Before
answering, I checked the news. Norwegian officials were reporting that
the attacker was not Muslim. I was no longer an authority on the
incident.
A third reporter called the next morning: Has the focus on Islamic
terrorism distracted us from the threat of non-Islamic extremism?
I felt a creepy sensation that I have experienced often since 9/11. In
the fields of Middle East and Islamic studies, bad news is good for
business. The more that non-Muslims fear Islam, the more security
threats are hyped, the more attention my colleagues and I get.
Journalists want insights from "Islam experts" and "Middle East
specialists," regardless of how remote our area of research is from
the day's news. Universities are hiring—there were more than 40 tenure-
track jobs last year in Middle East and Islamic studies. Federal
research grants are plentiful, especially from the military and the
Department of Homeland Security.
It all points to an inescapable conclusion: Martin Kramer was right. A
decade ago, just after 9/11, he accused scholars of profiting from the
Islamist violence that their political correctness prevented them from
taking seriously: "How many resources within the university could they
command if their phones stopped ringing and their deans did not see
and hear them quoted in the national newspapers and on public radio?
And how would enrollments hold up if Muslim movements failed to hit
the headlines?"
Scholars are not the only ones to benefit from these headlines.
Kramer, a former professor who now holds positions at two think tanks,
the Shalem Center in Jerusalem and the Washington Institute for Near
East Policy, benefits, too. Just like university deans, think-tank
administrators and donors allocate resources based in part on presence
in the news media. Kramer exemplifies this arrangement. Every time he
sounds an alarm about Islamic radicalism, he helps raise public
vigilance, and increase financial support for his institutions.
By contrast, I am in the awkward position of undermining the
importance of my own field. My research finds that Islamic terrorism
has not posed as large a threat as reporters and the public think—
certainly not as large a threat as Al Qaeda and its affiliates
intended. They routinely complain about the failure of Muslims to join
their movement.
Of the 56 million people who die each year around the world, around
two million die from HIV/AIDS. Nearly one million die from malaria.
Almost three quarters of a million die from violence. According to the
National Counterterrorism Center, terrorism peaked in 2007 with 23,000
fatalities, half of them in Iraq—a terrible toll, but not a leading
cause of death.
In the United States, 15,000 people are murdered each year. Islamic
terrorism, including the Beltway sniper attacks, has accounted for
almost three dozen deaths in America since 9/11—a small fraction of
the violence that the country experiences every year. The toll would
have been higher if the perpetrators had been more competent; for
example, if Faisal Shahzad had used higher-quality materials in his
Times Square car bomb. Even so, the number of perpetrators has been
relatively low. Fewer than 200 Muslim-Americans have engaged in
terrorist plots over the past decade—that's out of a population of
approximately two million. This constitutes a serious problem, but not
nearly as grave as public concern would suggest.
When scholars in Middle East and Islamic studies point that out, we
are accused of being apologists for terrorism. Some of my colleagues
have been the focus of smear campaigns. I've been fortunate not to
experience anything of that sort, though Rep. Peter King, Republican
of New York and chairman of the House Committee on Homeland Security,
called my work "biased" and "slanted." As it turned out, King's
criticism was great publicity. I issued a press release rebutting each
of his points, which wasn't difficult, because it was clear that he
hadn't actually read my work.
The media attention was both exhilarating and troubling. It reinforced
my sense that the field benefits not just from Muslim violence but
also from the ignorance and paranoia of non-Muslims. As a result, my
colleagues and I spend much of our time in the limelight trying to
dispel the anxieties that helped bring us into the limelight.
We are not very good at this task. Our books rarely sell as well as
the more scaremongering titles. Our television appearances look stiff
next to the media-savvy hotheads from the think tanks. Surveys report
that American attitudes have not budged over the past decade—evenly
split in their view of Islam and favorable toward Muslims, by a 2-to-1
margin.
A decade after 9/11, many Americans still believe that we are
experiencing a clash of civilizations between Islam and the West. It's
the default, easy explanation for violent incidents like the terrorist
attack in Norway. When this narrative fades, replaced by some other
panic, my colleagues and I will lose the public's eye. We'll return to
academic obscurity. That's our goal—that, and promoting our field as
energetically as we can in the meantime.
Charles Kurzman is a professor of sociology at the University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill and author, most recently, of "The Missing
Martyrs: Why There Are So Few Muslim Terrorists" (Oxford University
Press).
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