India's Universal ID program seeks to provide a unique identity to all 1.2 billion residents. With the challenge of covering a very large population, India is is a unique testing ground for biometric identification technology. Already, the Indian case offers some important lessons: - Using multiple biometrics helps maximize accuracy, inclusion, and security; - Supporting public- and private-sector applications creates incentives for use; - Competitive, standards-based procurement lowers costs; - Cardless design increases security and cuts costs but can be problematic if mobile networks are incomplete; - Establishing clear jurisdiction is essential; - Open technology is good, but proprietary systems and foreign providers may still be necessary.
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