---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Aghor Pir <>
Date: 22 October 2010 14:37
To: toyin adepoju <toyin.adepoju@googlemail.com>
From: Aghor Pir <>
Date: 22 October 2010 14:37
To: toyin adepoju <toyin.adepoju@googlemail.com>
Here are afew excerpts from some scholarly books discussing IFA/Yoruba's cosmology and conceptions of evil forces (the demonic): "Another unifying factor is Yoruba religion's rather usual pantheon of gods and antigods. According to Ifa, the sacred scriptures of Yoruba religion, the religion has a pantheon of 600 + 1 (not 601) supernatural powers. Ifa identifies two main categories of these powers: Irinwo o mole ojukotun Igba mole ojukosi owuro Four hundred primordial supernatural powers of the right, Two hundred primordial supernatural powers of the left. In this excerpt from an Ifa poem, the cosmos is divided into two halves: right-handed and left-handed halves. We have 400 primordial powers on the right, and 200 primordial powers on the left. The powers on the right hand side are the Orisa (I.e., divinities). They are benevolent, but sometimes punish humans who corrupt society. The Yoruba pray and offer sacrifice to the Orisa to achieve their desires. Inhabitants of the left-hand side are the Ajogun (the "antigods"), and they are irredeemably malevolent. The word "Ajogun" literally means "warrior"; hence the Ajogun wage war against both humans and the Orisa. They include Iku (Death), Arun (Disease), Ofo (Loss), Egba (Paralysis), Oron (Big Trouble), Epe (Curse), Ewon (Imprisonment), and Ese (Affliction). There are, however, two supernatural forces that straddle both sides of the left-right divide. These are the Aje (who are usually improperly translated as "witches") and Esu (the universal policeman). Esu is a neutral element in the sense that he is neither good nor bad. He is simply the mediator between all the entities and forces on both sides of the right-left divide. Although the Aje ("witches") also straddle the two sides of the divide, they, unlike Esu, are not neutral. They are allies of the Ajogun. They suck human blood, eat human flesh, and can afflict humans with various types of diseases. The Aje are, however, sometimes benevolent. They can bless particular individuals by making them rich and successful. Often, their blessings come at a high price. For instance, it is believed that one of their favorite prices is to ask for the child of whoever is seeking their favor." [Source: Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Edited by Melvin Ember, Carol R. Ember, and Ian Skoggard, Pp. 321-322] "Ebo (sacrifice) is a means of symbolic and ritual communication between all the forces of the universe. The Yoruba believe that apart from man himself, there are two opposing forces in the universe, one of which is benevolent to man while the other is hostile. The benevolent forces are collectively known as Ibo (the divinities) [also known as Orisa], and the malevolent agents are known as Ajogun (the warriors against man). The Aje (the witches) are also in alliance with the Ajogun for the ruination of man and his handiwork. Man needs to offer sacrifices to both forces in order to survive. He needs to offer sacrifice to the benevolent forces so as to continue to enjoy their support and blessings. Man needs to offer sacrifice to the Ajogun and the Aje in order that they might not oppose him whenever an important project is embarked upon. The divinity who acts as the middle-man between the three parties mentioned above is Esu who shares a little of the attributes of the benevolent and the malevolent forces. He is the policeman of the universe. Furthermore he is impartial since he will only support the man or divinity who performs sacrifice. This is the meaning of the statement 'eni o rubo, IEsuu gbe'. Once he receives the prescribed sacrifice, he will forbid the Ajogun from harming the supplicant. Esu is the keeper of the ase, a copy of the divine power and authority with which Olodumare created the universe. Esu is therefore the effective ruler of the universe, the principle of order and harmony, and the agent of reconciliation. His wife, Agberu, receives all sacrifices on his behalf. After taking his own share of aaruun (five cowries) and a little bit of the other materials offered for sacrifice, Esu takes the offering to the divinity or the Ajogun concerned. The effect is usually the return of peace and reconciliation between the warring parties." [Source: African Intellectual Heritage: a book of sources. By Molefi K. Asante, Abu Shardow Abarry, Pp. 98-99] I am also attaching a great article to this email exploring IFA's teachings on evil further. Adesh! -Aghor Pir --- On Fri, 10/22/10, toyin adepoju <toyin.adepoju@googlemail.com> wrote:
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