ABSTRACTS
ABDULKARIM, HUSSAIN , FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, OKENE, KOGI STATE, NIGERIA: hussainabdulkarim@yahoo.com
CULTURE AND IDENTITY AMONG THE HAUSA PEOPLE OF NORTHERN NIGERIA
Abstract
This paper discussed the concepts of culture and identity as they affect Hausa people of northern Nigeria. Culture is peoples' way of life and is transmitted from one generation to another in the society. People have different cultures and traditions which affect their lives in different ways. They are easily identified through their cultures and traditions. Culture grows and changes. In identity, people who share the same culture regard themselves as one people and share the same cultural identity. The paper explained the sources and kinds of cultural identification by Hausa people of northern Nigeria on the basis of kinship: like sharing common language, value and arrangement of settlement for the purposes of governance. Hausa people of northern Nigeria are known with their culture which could be identified through their dressing, food, occupation, habits, dressing and co-curricula activities. However, western cultures seems to interfere with the original Hausa cultures in the present time in terms of dressing, habits ceremonies etc thereby mixing the cultures which case some challenges to the culture and its identification to the Hausa people of northern Nigerian especially to the elites and the younger generation. The paper also proffered some recommendations with a view of maintaining the original culture of Hausa people of northern Nigeria in order for the culture not to die completely. It also recommends the placing high values on the original cultures and traditions over western cultures and so on.
Agaba, John Ebute, (Ph.D), Department of History, Faculty of Arts, Benue State University, Makurdi - Nigeria: ebuteagaba@gmail.com / agabajohny@yahoo.co.uk6
Governance and Development in Nigeria since 1999: Implications for Democracy and Political Stability
Abstract
From independence in 1960 Nigeria had experimented both Parliamentary and Presidential democracy without success. However, since 1999 Nigeria has been tinkering with the Presidential system of democracy but there is no hope yet. This is because recent investigations have shown that government is not really democratic nor is it actually producing sustainable economic development. Since the enthronement of democratic governance in 1999, there have been several destructive violent ethno-religious and political upheavals leading to political instability. What then are the factors responsible for the non-performance of this democratic government to provide political stability to meet the needs and the expectations of Nigerians? What are the features of a desirable governance template that can generate durable democracy, development and political stability for Nigeria? Real development is said to be possible only where there is limited government which is essentially the recognition by those who hold political authority that there are other institutions in the society and respecting both their right to be and right to contribute to development. Also, it is that government that is accountable not just to the people but equally conscious of the needs and values of the society which is said to be higher than itself and the party at large. These, among others, are the issues that this paper intends to examine, mainly to establish the nexus between democracy, development and political stability in Nigeria since 1999 and thereafter propose what needs to be done to establish sustainable economic development and political stability in the country.
Agbalajobi, Damilola Taiye (Mrs), Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, dtagbalajobi@oauife.edu.ng
ETHNIC PLURALITY AND DEMOCRATIC PROCESS IN NIGERIA (1999-2011)
Abatract
Ethnic plurality is a feature of modern day states, and Nigeria, like many other states in the world, comprises more than two ethnic groups that make up of the state. The ethnic groups in Nigeria have been in struggle for the control of state power, with attendant impacts on the democratic train as observed in the Nigerian fourth republic. This paper therefore, shall examine the linkage between ethnic plurality and democracy by reviewing the nature of power struggle among the various ethnic groups in Nigeria. Similarly, the paper shall examine the effects of the power struggle among the ethnic groups on the voting behaviors of Nigerians, and how democratic dividends are spread across the various ethnic groups through the processes and principles of governance. In conclusion, the paper will offer suggestions on how the relationship among the ethnic groups can be strengthened to enhance the survival of Nigerian democracy.
Agbalajobi, Damilola Taiye (Mrs), Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, dtagbalajobi@oauife.edu.ng
FIFTEEN YEARS OF DEMOCRATIC RULE, A DIVIDENDS OR DEFICITS?: A REFLECTION ON THE GOVERNANCE ASPECT OF DEMOCRACY IN NIGERIA SINCE 1999.
Abstract
Democracy is adjudged the best form of government all over the world and it presupposes good governance. Wherever it is adopted and well managed, it is capable of ensuring good governance based on rule of law, accountability and transparency among others. The year 1999 marked a watershed in the history of modern Nigeria, as it ushered in what was expected to be an 'enduring democracy'. Before then, the country had oscillated between civil and military rule, with the latter having the upper hand. Since 1999, however, Nigeria has enjoyed uninterrupted democratic governance. It is this reality that informed this paper, which subjects this period of unbroken democratic rule to critical analysis and x-rays governance and politics in the country with the aim of examining the impact on development and citizens' participation in governance. Expectedly, democratic governance should, among other things, usher in societal development; participation of citizens in governance; accountability and transparency on the part of government officials. But, can Nigerians actually say they have enjoyed the dividends of democracy in the past fifteen years? The paper attempts to give a narrative-descriptive explanation of governance and the challenges of the country's democratic political system since 1999. Although the nation has made some giant strides in its democratic journey, Nigeria's political landscape is still bedeviled with corruption, ethnic bigotry, leadership failures among other challenges. The paper suggests that the strengthening of institutions is vital for the acceleration of Nigeria's democratization process.
Aito, Ofure O. M. (PhD), Department of English, College of Humanities, Redeemer's University, Mowe, Nigeria: ofureaito@gmail.com
Gender, Arts and "Ayanbinrin" as a Figure of the Female Drummer in Contemporary Yoruba Land
Abstract
Drumming in the Yoruba entertainment and social experience is a male art which accounts for the masculine features and attributes often used in articulating its poetics. Most studies of drums, drumming and Yoruba drum poetry are based on men, thereby, highlighting the gendered nature of the field. However, social experience associated with urbanisation in early postcolonial and contemporary Nigeria has taken women into male dominated fields of entertainment. The pressure to make a living in urban centres has led women to continually challenge male spaces and masculine spheres. Drumming and its poetry is one such sphere where female talent is challenging male hegemony. This study examines the drumming and poetry of female Yoruba entertainer, Ayanbinrin, to show how she transcends the boundary of masculinity and takes her art beyond spiritual and traditional experience by incorporating a variety of social themes. The central question is: how can a poetics of drumming derived from her art enrich Yoruba cultural studies and bridge gender gap complimentarily using Post-Indiginist Aesthetics?
AKINBOYE, A. JULIET, UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA, yinka_adedoja@yahoo.com)
SOCIO- CULTURAL IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON TEENAGE IMIGRANTS: CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA/SOUTH AFRICA.
Abstract
Migration is the nature of every living being to move from one place to another either willingly or by circumstances that is beyond their control. This movement could be from region to region or from one county to the other. It is observed that most of the teenagers who migrate to another country often find it difficult to cope due to change in environment. This often affects their psyche and personal development, making them feel like fish out of water which if in some cases leads to bad behavioural attitudes. This is borne out of the many things that affect their socio-cultural lives and belief. With particular attention on teenage immigrants from Nigeria to South Africa, this paper examines the impact of migration on these teenagers and their response to the new social life and culture they are embracing in their new abode. Using humanistic theory as a pedestal that states that human needs are individuals function favourably in his environment than in any other place once basic needs are available for such an individual. It therefore concludes that while migration could be part of human life, certain social amenities need to be put in place by home countries to discourage immigrants.
Akinola, Adeoye O., School of Social Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Box X01, Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville 3209:oyeakinola@yahoo.com / Akinola@ukzn.ac.za
Securitization of Deregulation and Good Governance in Nigeria: A Critical Reflection
Abstract
This paper adapts the Weaver's (Copenhagen School) 'securitization' paradigm to the analysis of the controversial deregulation of the downstream oil sector in Nigeria. The deregulation policy, as announced by the government, involved the removal of subsidy, and associated increase in the pumping price of petroleum products. Despite the government's rationale and immediate prioritization of its implementation, the Labour Union-led mass resistance jolted governance, and the resultant effect has great implications for democratic sustainability and good governance in Nigeria. The study takes a critical reflection on the policy, digs deep into the rationale for tagging deregulation as a security concern, reviews the coercive influence of agencies of globalization (IMF and MNC), and assesses the impact of the deregulation policy on sustainable development and its effect on the masses that bears the brunt of the policy. The paper notes the increase in government revenue resulting from deregulation, faults government approach and contends that the liberalization policy has not triggered tangible development but remains one of series of policy designed to shortchange the population and for the sustenance of the governing elites and their apologists.
AKINTAN, ADEOTI OLUWATOSIN (PhD), DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES, OLABISI ONABANJO UNIVERSITY, AGO IWOYE, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA: onakintan@yahoo.com
DEMOCRACY AND THE DIALECTICS OF DEVELOPMENT: THE NIGERIA EXPERIENCE
Abstract
Democracy has come to assume a new aura of significance in contemporary world affairs. Democracy is perceived to enhance good governance, transparency, development and indeed the pursuit of an egalitarian society. Inspite of its widespread, there exist difficulties in adopting and translating its holistic values into the framework of sustainable development in most parts of Africa, more so in Nigeria. This could be attributed to many factors, which include poor development of democratic institutions, corruption, ideological confusion, imposition and 'selection' instead of election, monetization of electoral processes, etc. This situation bedeviling African democracy has left a vacuum in the Continent with regard to development. While some countries of Africa (Botswana, and very few others) have witnessed commendable success in the practice of democracy, the overall scenario is one of dismal failure in Nigeria. After more than fifty years of independence from the British colony, the scenario in the country remains disappointing. Democracy is totally misinterpreted, and it is wrongly practiced in the country. Democracy ought to guarantee regular free and fair elections; accountability of the State's administrative organs; equal rights and participation of the local citizens in the formulation of and implementation of development plans, and as well, guarantee security to the entire populace. Therefore, this paper seeks to establish a working relationship between democracy and sustainable development in the context of national development, with particular reference to Nigeria by examining some current strategies adopted by Nigeria for development and then propose strategies for achieving sustainable development in the country.
Akinyemi Edward Temitope, Department of Political Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, South Africa: te.akinyemi@ymail.com
Socio-Economic Imperatives for Democracy-Development Transition: Mass Poverty and Widespread Illiteracy as Impediments to Functional Franchise in Nigeria
Abstract:
Democratic system of governance has been identified and vigorously promoted as a development imperative since the late nineteenth century. The wave of democratization in the developing world was propelled by its prospects as the politico-structural prototype for socio-economic transformation through good governance. The optimism hinges among its many virtues, on the premium placed on the 'wisdom' of the electoral majority in determining leadership and state's policy direction, taking for granted the rational superiority of majority choice. However, years after democratic transitions in many developing countries continue to cast doubts on the quality of voter behavior in the light of overwhelming illiteracy and poverty. In the Nigerian context, while institutional democratization appears entrenched, endemic poverty and illiteracy continues to subvert the transformational potency of the electoral process as voting remains a perfunctory activity serving to grant legitimacy to elite-predetermined political choices especially at the national level. Lack of education, endemic poverty, voter inducement, weak institutions, and corruption remain great influences on the electoral process thereby exposing the process to manipulations, rigging and sabotage. This article argues that a poor and uninformed majority is an albatross to the development prospects of the democratic process. It posits that political democratization without the corollary democratization of wealth and knowledge amounts to mob rule which is incapable of delivering good governance and development. It recommends massive poverty eradication and reduction of illiteracy both in long and short terms as prerequisites for transformative leadership and development in Nigeria.
Akor, Faith O., Department of History, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria, havillafaith@gmail.com
Reflections on the role of Women in the African Development Process: Lessons From Nigeria
Abstract
Two issues moving in tandem regarding African women that deserve more systematic research are the moving frontiers of the status of women in Africa and how that has enhanced their performance in the African development process.Indeed,an interrogation of the level of African development process would not be complete without bringing in the gender perspective. From the dawn of the UN development Decade in the 1960s up until now, a lot has happened regarding the African development process of which the female gender forms an important part. However, much of what is known in popular literature about women in Africa is in the negative sense, for the most part. The main thrust of the paper is to analyze the activities of Nigerian women to demonstrate the extent to which their status have shifted for the better over time and how much they have used their positions to facilitate the development of the continent in the last 50 years. The paper further provides specific examples from several parts of the continent to show that the development is not limited to any particular country but continental and widespread to most sectors of the African economy. The methodology of research is derived from primary and secondary sources of historical data. The conclusion of the essay revolves around the fact that the future of African development depends more on women who constitute the disproportionate number of the target groups of the Human Development Index(HDI) within the African population. Finally, the paper shows how this can be done by arguing that if African women are adequately empowered and given the right opportunities, they are likely to do even better than the current trend to transform the continent in the short and long run.
Appiah, George, WK (PhD). Department of Education, Eastern Cape province, South Africa
THE HUMAN FACTOR (HF) AND HUMAN RESOURCES CAPACITY BUILDING (HRCB) INITIATIVE IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT: THE SOUTH AFRICAN EXPERIMENT
Abstract:
Considered as crucially important, the Human Factor (HF) and Human Resources Capacity Building (HRCB), enjoy much rhetoric and popularity as best suited to offer the required support in organisations and institutions. Their absence or fragility is considered a gross miscalculation, if efficiency and high level manpower productivity are to remain achievable goals in institutions and organisations. The escalation of service delivery protest marches (SDPM) by local communities has assumed a snowballing effect in the country since 1998. Incidence of SDPM cannot be viewed in the narrow context as sheer abdication of the civil responsibility of angry mobs trying to invent a name, or carve a niche of recognition for themselves. However, these scenarios demonstrate the fault-lines constituting municipal administration in which the HF and HRCB have been relegated to a level of abject neglect, or insignificance. The magnitude of SDPM cannot be overstated. They have reached epidemic proportions to such an extent that South Africa has acquired a notorious reputation as 'protest capital' of the world, a label that have comprehensively placed South Africa in a negative lime-light among constellation of nations globally. Recent literature publications and debate on the HF and HRCB suggest that institutions and organisations which consciously or arbitrarily gloss over these imperatives become the architect of their own demise, thereby precipitating widespread SDPM. Thus, no matter how judiciously, ingeniously, or piously structural mechanisms are designed, perfected and put in place, absence of the HF, and HRCB, as main drivers will render such an institution or organisation a failed, experiment. The paper attempts to capture some of the complexities, dynamics and intrigues characterising current wave of protest marches waged by local communities against the edifice of municipal administration. Also, the paper attempts to explore the level of frustration harboured by community members, and frontiers of in-built mechanisms of local government structures and institutions and interrogates why they are not responding constructively to fulfil community needs, expectations and demands. Further to this, the paper argues that major causes of SDPM, undoubtedly lies with the fragility, or absence of the HF and HRCB as crucially important components in municipal administration. The implication is that municipal administration fundamentally lack efficient support base to anchor for successful delivery of services on day-to-day basis. Local communities, as recipient or consumers of public goods and services have become casualties, sacrificed on the Alter of service delivery (SD) imperatives.
Arogundade, Emma, Department of Sociology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
emmanence@gmail.com
'They come to me for help': Thinking about community activism and status in a small town in South Africa'
Abstract
Pofadder is a small, isolated town in the sparsely populated and largely underdeveloped Northern Cape of South Africa. The town carries physical and personal narratives reflecting both the apartheid past, as well as the political transformation since 1994. Though there are narratives of shifting economic opportunities for a few 'coloured' people, unemployment amongst the 'white' community has increased. Narratives about this differ between the two geographically separated communities that make up the town, but both cite unemployment and alcoholism as the two major problems experienced in the 'coloured' community. Within this space, there are a number of community activists, or 'people who help', and their 'helping' was used to either maintain their social status, or enhance it in some way. These responses which often contained the phrase 'they come to me for help' formed the central question which this paper attempts to answer – how is 'community activism' used in this space to preserve or enhance social status in relation to identity markers such as race, class, gender and place. These community members became the focus of a two week qualitative study of the town, part of the Small Towns and Rurual Transformation Research Project examining racial transformation in South Africa. This study combined observations with twenty one interviews with a diverse range of residents. Six of the narratives gathered during this process were examined more closely in order to answer the central research question. Findings suggest that individuals opportunities are shaped by their intersecting social positionalities with specific reference to their race, class, gender and place of origin. For some participants 'helping' is used to maintain privilege, for others it is used to overcome oppression, though the levels of success and access vary, and are largely influenced by historical narratives.
Arowolo, Dare Ezekiel, Prof. Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria, dreo2005@yahoo.com; darearowolo@gmail.com.
COLONIALISM AND CULTURAL CRISIS IN AFRICA
Abstract
The paper argued that colonialism was a foundation of cultural crisis in Africa; so much that it had further subjugated and infiltrated her cultural values. The contact of imperial forces with Africa through colonialism precariously contaminated the traditional values of Africa. The paper contended that Africa had established, well before the advent of colonialism, a peculiar home-grown governance structures and cultural pattern that guaranteed political stability and socio-economic progression such that the continuity of Africa and its cultural values were stimulated, propelled and strengthened. Colonialism weakened the pace and tempo of cultural revival strategy package of Africa such that the whole cultural embodiment of Africa has been assimilated and westernised. The paper further argued that colonialism is a commitment to western ideas as against the belief that it is meant to engender development of Africa and it also specifically contended the argument that perceives colonialism as a symbol of civilisation of global unity. This argument was reinforced by the controversial beneficial ends of colonialism. Whose interest does colonialism serve? The paper employed dependency theory to scientifically analyse the issues associated with colonialism and relied on descriptive analytic model as a method of data gathering to explain the effects of colonialism on African culture. It advised on how to nip in the bud the cultural crisis experienced by Africa.
Awofeso, Olu, (PhD), Department of Political Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria: olufeso2012@yahoo.com
Gender and Political Participation in Nigeria: A Cultural Perspective
Abstract
Political participation is a voluntary act which encompasses wide range of political activities, including voting at election, contesting for political and party offices, attending political rallies, joining political parties and many more. Although, these political activities are considered to be "free zone" to all qualified citizens, especially in liberal democracies irrespective of disparities in wealth, education and gender, experiences in African countries generally and Nigeria in particular show that certain cultural values have systematically over the years impeded female gender from participating in politics, at least to a certain degree which to some extent tend to re-define the tenets of participatory democracy. With convincing data, the paper unveils the extent these cultural values have impeded the female folks from participating in politics in Nigeria and proposes alternative suggestions.
Awofeso, Olu, (PhD), Department of Political Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria: olufeso2012@yahoo.com
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Challenges of Economic Development in Nigeria
Abstract
In October, 2000 all the 192 members of the United Nations (UN) and about 23 International Organizations met and agreed to achieve some set goals by 2015. These goals were categorized into 8 broad goals, namely; (1) to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, (2) to achieve universal primary education; (3) to promote gender equality and empower women: (4) to reduce child mortality rate, (5) to improve maternal health, (6) to combat HIV/AID, material and other diseases: (7) to ensure environmental sustainability and (8) to develop a global partnership for development.Ten years later the UNO met in New York between 20th and 22nd September 2010 to access progress made by member states till date. Available data shows that while other continents are making impressive progress in several areas of MDGs with China, South Korea and India taking the lead, "Sub-Sahara Africa regions are yet to make any drastic changes in improving their quality of life". Nigeria in this regard is not an exemption, despite the fact that the target date for member states to achieve these goals is less than two years from now. Having highlighted the idea behind the MDGs, the debate surrounding it and the progress made so far by Nigeria, the paper proceeds by identifying the challenges encountered by Nigeria in order to actualize these goals. Apart from the global economic melt- down and climate change which affected the quality of foreign aid received by African countries, as well as debt crises, Nigeria's efforts toward the realization of MDGs are short changed by the dependant nature of her economy on the international capitalist economic system, policies inconsistence and the culture of impunity against the background of corrupt practices, lack of accountability an due processes. The paper concludes with a warning that Nigeria stands the risk of not achieving most of these MDGs even by 2020 if most of the problems identified are not ameliorated. The paper also proffers some useful suggestions.
AYUBA, LARAB TANGSHAK, Department of History and International Studies, University of Jos, Plateau State Nigeria: larabtang@gmail.com
DEMOCRATIC CULTURE, RISE OF CONFLICTS AND DISPLACEMENT IN CENTRAL NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT SINCE 1999
Abstract
The main thrust of the paper is one that draws a link amongst the key variables of the return of democracy to Nigeria in 1999, with the rise of conflicts in the North Central region of Nigeria (Middle Belt). The examination argues that the displacements caused by these conflicts analysed from the lens of the political, social and economic implications has greatly affected developments in these states. The methodology of research is multi-disciplinary in nature, drawing strength from the disciplines of History, Geography, Sociology, Political Science and Conflict Studies. The method of interpretation of source materials will be drawn from a qualitative point of view, using the methodological tools of content analysis, and critical evaluation of secondary source data. The work recommends, in line with the findings of the research, option to mitigate conflicts, guarantee good governance so as to transform these environments towards the paths of development.
Bagu, Philip Sunday (PhD), Department of English, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria: baguphilip@yahoo.com, drphilipbagu@gmail.com
Literature and Culture as Imperatives for Nigeria's Development and Transformation Agenda
Abstract
Nigeria has passed through very difficult times in her entire history as a nation. Right from the pre-colonial to the present time, the country has been yearning for the much needed development and transformation that will propel her towards becoming one of the advanced or developed countries of the world. This, however, has continued to be a dream rather than a reality in spite of dogged efforts from past and present administrations. This paper, therefore, takes a critical look at the role of literature and culture in transforming the Nigerian society. Literature and culture are vital and critical instruments or tools which could be deployed by any society or government to bring about positive change and development. The paper argues that literature reflects or mirrors the society as such; it provides the opportunity for leaders to look through it with a view to changing their leadership agenda towards a development oriented programme. Again, the paper maintains that the culture of a people is a foundation upon which any development agenda can be pursued and sustained. If government programmes are antithetical to the cultural norms and values of the people, development cannot be assured. The paper, therefore, concludes that literature has the capacity to enlighten and reawaken the people while cultural practices that are based on sound moral norms and values can, in no small measure, contribute to the development and transformation of Nigeria.
Balogun, Omeiza Olumuyiwa, Department of History and Diplomatic Studies
Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria: balogun.olumuyiwa@gmail.com
Beyond Redemption? An historical/cultural interrogation of Nigeria's political landscape
Abstract
Nigeria gained her independence in 1960 and became a republic in 1963. However, it has been a chequered history in the life of Nigerians since then. The road has been smooth and bumpy but now, getting bumpier. Having survived a civil war and eight military regimes, the almost 200 million peopled nation seem to have eventually settled for democratic governance. However, since the advent of this democratic rule, the masses are yet to enjoy dividends of democracy leaving the people to wonder whether the country is practising democracy or oligarchy. Even the diasporic voice and writings of nationalists has had little effect on the governance. Reflecting on importance of democracy, this paper discusses visions and missions of the founding fathers and the contributions of the nationalists at home and in the diaspora focusing on artistic icons such as Wole Soyinka, Chinua Achebe, Fela Anikulapo-Kuti etc. It discovers that the root of the plethora of problems ravaging the nation is embedded in corruption which is fast gaining ground across the continent. Juxtaposing with some African countries, it queries: Is corruption part of African culture? It then concluded that despite the visions of the founding fathers and nationalists, despite the abundant natural resources at the behest of the nation, the people are yet to enjoy the benefit of democracy leaving them to think they would have fared better under colonial administration.
Balogun, Omeiza Olumuyiwa, Department of History and Diplomatic Studies
Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria: balogun.olumuyiwa@gmail.com
PERSPECTIVES ON ECONOMIC DECLINE, POVERTY AND TRANSMIGRATION IN NIGERIA
Abstract
The prevalent post-independence economic decline existing in most African countries (including Nigeria) which has resulted in widespread poverty is by far the most important root cause of transmigration generally. In recent times, transmigration in Nigeria as well as in other underdeveloped economies of the world, his become a formidable phenomenon that has grown in size and magnitude due to the prevailing circumstances under which it has thrived.
This aggravating situation has compelled many people especially those below the low income bracket to escape poverty and to relocate from areas where employment is scarce or look for where the pasture is greener which account for the main reason Africans migrate to the diaspora. In other words, the hope for better opportunities outside the country seems at best an irritable alternative which beckons. In recognition of the alarming rise of the tragic abuse of human rights resulting from the lack of a clear cut commitment on curbing this heinous crime resulting from the innate desire to relocate at all cost such as human trafficking, visa scams, asylum, immigration racketeering and matters arising from related issues, this paper does not only seek to examine the nexus between economic decline, poverty and transmigration in Nigeria but it also discusses changes in demographic patterns while it highlights the expectations of the people in diaspora towards revamping and sustaining the Nigerian economy
Bolatito, Shamsuddin, Faculty of Commerce, Dept. of Public Administration, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum-Sudan: Sam1421h@yahoo.com
Challenges of Local Government Administration in Nigeria; An appraisal of Nigerian experience
Abstract
Local Government in Nigeria faces series of critical challenges like creating critical social services and how to sustain them. No Nation can boast of excellence performance of the public sector at the grass root if a larger percentage of her rural inhabitants are facing uncontrollable abject poverty, needs/wants, socio-economic dilemma and basic social amenities. However in Nigeria, series of social amenities at the grass root reveals that the third tiers of government are lacking performance in the area of service delivery over the years has made the citizens to lose faith and trust in local government which is the closet tiers of government to them. The failure of local government administration as an institution in Nigeria to solve immediate problem of the people at the grass root further indicates lack of contentment in the governance and consequently retard the closeness of the people to this grass root government. This paper looks at the reasons for the establishment of local government, functions and problems of good governance and accountability. Factors militating against performance of local government administration in Nigeria were articulated, areas of contribution to development were also identified and concludes that the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria should be amended to empower Local Government authorities to provide the much needed goods and services for the people.
De Jager, Nicola (PhD), Department of Political Science, Stellenbosch University: ndejager@sun.ac.za
Moving away from the values of its founders: An analysis of the political culture of the ANC
Abstract
Twenty years since South Africa's first democratic elections the country has yet to substantively and procedurally consolidate its democracy: where the socio-economic needs of the majority remain unmet, and where erosion of the negotiated democratic institutional framework is becoming evident. The behaviour and policies of the dominant ruling party, the African National Congress (ANC), vacillate between what could be defined as liberal and illiberal behaviour. The paper thus seeks to explore whether answers for South Africa's inability to cross the consolidation threshold are to be found in the political culture of the dominant party; arguing that political culture and its accompanying attitudes, is a prime motivator of behaviour. The analysis is triangulated through the use of structured interviews with ANC members of parliament, analysis of ANC policy documents and a literature review. We argue that the liberal values of the founders and early elites of the ANC - values of moral progress, material advancement through education, individual responsibility, social engagement, and political involvement on the basis of constitionalism - were never fully embedded, but instead that the ANC's political culture during the liberation struggle, and in particular from the 1960s onwards, was influenced by communist and Africanist ideologies and traditions - bringing with them a different set of values. An analysis of these historical traditions and their values, help us to make sense of the ANC's current actions and policy choices.
Dipholo, Kenneth (PhD), Department of Adult Education, University of Botswana dipholok@mopipi.ub.bw
Participatory Development: The key to transform ideas into action to achieve Millennium Development Goals.
Abstract
The Millennium Declaration mainstreams a set of inter-connected and mutually reinforcing development goals into a global agenda – the Millennium Development Goals (MDGS). The Declaration commits the United Nations member states to achieve set goals and targets by the year 2015. While reaffirming their commitment to the MDGs, it is nonetheless important to emphasize that the MDGs stand out as a framework of action that individual member states can use, each identifying and pursuing its priorities according to its own development imperatives and capabilities. This is in recognition that the challenges for combating underdevelopment vary across nations hence the need for different development methodologies and approaches that suit specific circumstances. For many developing countries where the majority of the people live in the rural areas with higher levels of poverty, there is need to adopt a development approach that places more emphasis on interventions that would stimulate local development by transforming development processes in such a way that people's livelihoods form the cornerstone of development interventions. The approach has to recognize the centrality of local people in the development process. In this respect, the process of achieving the MDGs should be premised on serving the needs and interests of the people through deliberate efforts to involve local people in activities designed to enhance local ownership of the MDG framework. This perspective implies that development should not only be measured quantitatively according to economic indicators such as Gross Domestic product (GDP) but also qualitatively in terms of improvement in the quality of lives of the people. This paper argues that local community driven development, in particular, people's active participation in development activities is critical if developing countries are to record meaningful and sustainable development that incorporates the ideals of the Millennium Declaration.
Dipholo, Kenneth (PhD), Department of Adult Education, University of Botswana dipholok@mopipi.ub.bw
Personalized politics: Botswana under Seretse Khama Ian Khama
Abstract
A state president is a critical player in determining the future direction of a country. However, while the president is the leading political personality of the state and often referred to as the father of the nation, institutions of the state and the civil society sectors must also play important roles. The thread that runs through this paper is the argument that there is a steady trend toward personalization of the state in Botswana where proposed policies and programs are styled in the name and image of the state president. Nevertheless, this paper argues that capable, intelligent and effective institutions of the state should take lead in crafting a long term and sustainable future for the country. In the context of the challenges of development in Botswana, governance should go beyond a neo-patrimonial system and entrench political and administrative power with capable and effective structures of administration that would guarantee continuity in the face of a change in leadership. Thus, strengthening institutions of the state is crucial to engineer collective action and detach personal preferences of the state president from the needs, aspirations and interests of the citizenry.
Dipholo, Kenneth (PhD), Department of Adult Education, University of Botswana dipholok@mopipi.ub.bw
Culture of Democracy and Citizenship in Botswana
Abstract:
Botswana's electoral democracy dates back to 1965 when the first multiparty election was held. Ever since, Botswana has maintained its democratic tradition, holding regular elections every five years. Botswana has also been judged to have fared favourably on other measures of democracy such as the observance of the rule of law, free media and the separation of powers. Using different measures, many indices point a positive democratic picture of Botswana. To this extent, Botswana has been seen as a beacon of democracy in Africa. However, on the ground there are audible cries among citizens for an effective democracy. It appears that not much has been done to nurture democracy that can impact on the lives of ordinary citizens. This paper seeks to argue that despite the visible presence of formal democracy, on the ground the picture is not that rosy. There appears to be a gap between formal democracy and real participatory democracy that impacts positively on the daily realities of many citizens. Thus, this essay offers a critique of this gap and concludes that Botswana is yet to fully foster a culture of participatory democracy that benefits ordinary citizens.
DZEKA, TERWASE T. Ph.D, History Department, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria: Iorkyase@gmail.com
Democracy and Development in Nigeria: A Critical Appraisal of the Fourth Republic
Abstract
Nigeria's post-colonial political history has had both military and civilian experiences of governance. However, the management of available human and material resources to engender the development of the country has really been a problem. Not only has this problem assumed endemic dimension but it has continued to fester and deepen, a development which is actually worrisome. It is on the basis of the seeming unmitigated nature of this problem that this paper sets out to critically evaluate Nigeria's Fourth Republic which began in 1999 and is purported to be a democracy. The paper will interrogate the practical interplay of what this republic has doing juxtaposed against the normative understanding of democracy which if properly and sincerely practiced would have been capable of initiating a process of development in the country, a situation which is rather the contrary in reality. It is the contention of this paper that the type of democracy purportedly practiced in Nigeria lacks the drive necessary to propel the country towards development. The paper will highlight the negative shades of the warped political practice carried out in Nigeria in the name of democracy and would go on to articulate credible intellectual suggestions imbued with concrete as well as practical ideas that will give the country a leeway towards development.
DZEKA, TERWASE T. Ph.D, History Department, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria: Iorkyase@gmail.com
BENIN IMPERIALISM IN EKITI LAND, A DOVETAIL OF CULTURAL ETHOS
Abstract
Pre-colonial times is characterised by smooth and frequent relationship among societies. The nature of this relationship were mostly on cultural, commercial and political ground. This however encourages Inter-marriages, borrowing of languages and other features which were most times dictated by the needs of the various societies involved. Benin Imperialism in Ekiti land is an aspect of cultural integration between the people of Benin and Ekiti. Although the nature of the integation is said to have always run against the tide, it is however important to notice the impact of Benin's extension of influence in Ekiti land which brough about cultural similarities between the two communities. The main aim of this paper is to analyse the various reasons of convergence between the Benin culture in one hand and the Ekiti on the other hand. This paper thus argue that Benin's expansion on some parts of Ekiti land has brought about cultural relations between them, and that the administrative control which Benin had over them has encouraged the various cultural similarities.
ENE, Innocent.O. (Ph.D.), Department of General Studies Education, Federal College of Education, Okene, Kogi State: pupaonyii@yahoo.com
ETHNICITY: THE BANE OF DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
Abstract
The amalgamation of Northern and Southern protectorates to form the present day Nigeria seemed to preclude any attempt at a deliberate national engineering to create an enduring state. The effect has been the calls for sovereign national conference, resources control, true federalism, zoning of political offices, rotational presidency and all sorts of self-determinisms. The paper further x-rayed the influence of ethnicity on education, politics and the economy in Nigeria. Among others he paper recommends that ethnic groups should replace local government areas and state in Nigeria. It also recommends that natural resources in each ethnic group should determine the thrust of the courses studied in each geo-political zone in order to promote healthy competition among the ethnic groups in Nigeria.
ESEW, NTIM GYAKARI , DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, KADUNA STATE UNIVERSITY, KADUNA, NIGERIA: ngesew@yahoo.com
POVERTY AND DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ROLE OF MONEY IN NIGERIAN AND GHANAIAN POLITICS
ABSTRACT
Democracy as a form of governance thrives on the consent of the governed. In other words it derives its existence from the will of the people. Democracy is widely regarded as the most popular system of government because it affords the people a say in the governance of their affairs. In a democracy, electorates are conferred with the right to demand accountability from their elected representatives and also have the power of choice through their votes if they are not satisfied with the performance of their representatives. Therefore, democracy is built on constitutional government that provide for human rights and equality of persons before the law. In Nigeria and Ghana one of the effects of prevailing poverty is the vulnerability of the poor to tyrants and demagogues, who could easily mobilise them to subvert existing democratic institutions. Democracy is consequently subjected to the whims and caprices of the rich and influential. Today in Nigeria and Ghana, the people are living in a poverty-owning democracy, even as more and more Nigerians and Ghanaians fall below the poverty line of 2 dollars a day. This study shall therefore examine the problems which emanate from the incidence of poverty and its implications for democracy in Nigeria and Ghana. It shall also compare the extent to which poverty affects democratic consolidation in both countries. The study shall rely principally on secondary sources which shall be subjected to documentary analysis.
ESEW, NTIM GYAKARI , DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, KADUNA STATE UNIVERSITY, KADUNA, NIGERIA: ngesew@yahoo.com
ELECTORAL VIOLENCE AND DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN NIGERIA: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS
Abstract
Electoral violence especially during election is one of the major challenges against the consolidation of democratic governance in Nigeria. The persistence and diverse dimensions that electoral violence has assumed in the Nigerian democratic journey are multifaceted and this has multiplier effect as it metamorphosis into communal, ethno-religious conflicts and general insecurity of lives and property. These and other related problems are the challenges confronting democratic governance in Nigeria. The paper examines the effects of such electoral violence on the democratic governance in Nigeria using the Marxian political economy theory. The methodology adopted was the use of content analysis based on information derived from secondary sources. The paper revealed that all sort of electoral related violence perpetuated in Nigeria since 1999 have further complicated the democratic governance in Nigeria. It argues that politicians recruit unemployed and vulnerable youths to carry out such act as killings, kidnappings and destruction of lives and property of mainly opponents simply to subdue them in the electoral processes. This is without prejudice to the fact that the sponsor of these youths are well known and are doing this simply to clinch to power without considering the consequences on Nigeria. Among the recommendations proffered are that government should be more sincere in relating with the oppositions and vice versa and address the widespread poverty, unemployment, social inequality. The anti-graft agencies should be financially independent to be able to repel the culture of impunity in the country as we experience it today.
Fagbadebo, Omololu University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban: otomololu@yahoo.com
INTRA-PARTY CRISIS AND THE PROSPECTS OF DEMOCRATIC STABILITY IN NIGERIA'S FOURTH REPUBLIC: INSIGHTS FROM THE PEOPLES DEMOCRATIC PARTY (PDP)
Abstract
Recent developments in the activities of political parties in Nigeria portend a culture of endemic crisis. While intra-party crisis has been a part of Nigeria's political development since independence, current trend seems to have exposed an institutionalised culture of vested interest in party administration. Since May 1999 when Nigeria returned to civil rule, intra-party squabbles have engendered series of political heats, consequently threatening the prospect of deepening democratic culture. In recent time, the merger of different political parties leading to the formation of the All Progressives Congress (APC) was bolstered by divisions in the ruling Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). This culminated to the defection of five governors, thirty-seven members of the House of Representatives and some PDP Senators who have given notice of their impending defection. The paper seeks to examine the effect of the political crises in the PDP on the country's democratic stability. Drawing largely from the disunified elite theory, the paper shall use documentary content analysis to examine this trend as well as the dimension of crises and clash of interests among the leadership of political parties, and how this has become a dominant factor engendering discontents among the elite. The paper seeks to offer better approaches to the study of intra-party crisis in a developing democracy like Nigeria and how it can promote democratic stability and development.
Faniran, Julius Olusakin (PhD), Registrar, Registry Department, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria: faniran.olusakin@gmail.com
REPOSITIONING THE NIGERIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
ABSTRACT
Public Administration in Nigeria has been bedeviled with enormous challenges, which include the rapid -growth of public employment, the uncoordinated public pay systems, low emphasis on the training of public officials, indiscriminate award of contract appointments, the general inefficiency of the public service among others. This paper critically examined the challenges identified, and proffered strategic solutions in repositioning the Nigerian Public Administration.
Fasiku Mercy. A, Department of Social Studies, College of Education, Ikere-Ekiti Ekiti State, Nigeria
Youth Empowerment: A Panacea to sustainable Democracy in Nigeria
Abstract
Democratic governance in any country of the world always accomplished with some values of freedom such as freedom of chosen who will govern the country, religion or freedom of worship, ownership of property and education of children, freedom of speech and enjoy the benefits of their labour. All these values of freedom are right and privileges true for every citizen in the society. When citizen are experiencing these values of freedom it will in turn sustain democratic governance. In Nigeria democratic context, these values of freedom are only well printed and documented but not fully in operation which adversely affected the youths who are the future of the nation and the survival of the democratic government. This therefore poses a lot of threat to Nigeria nascent democracy. Hence, to have a sustainable democracy in Nigeria where all these values of freedom would be in operation and well protected, there is need for youth empowerment. In this piece, historical background of Nigeria democracy and problems associated with it are traced. Also concept of youth, processes of empowering youth and its relevance to the sustainable democracy are equally discussed.
Fomunyam, Bilola Nicoline, School of Social Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal: fomunya@ukzn.ac.za
A Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Changing Meanings of Passionate and Romantic Love in the African Context
Abstract
This paper is essentially focused on the expression of love in the African context and seeks to provide knowledge on the concept of 'African romance'. It pays particular attention to the continuities and changes that has occurred over the years in romance within Africa and questions whether there is anything as 'African romance'. While research on love and romance is burgeoning and many cross-cultural researchers including anthropologists and evolutionary psychologists have commonly described passionate love, sexual desire and romance as a pan-human characteristic as well as cultural universals, this paper is a shift from such studies as it argues that culture has a profound impact on people's perceptions, feelings and experiences about love, and the appropriate and permissible way of expressing romantic and passionate feelings. Drawing on research conducted among South Africans, Sierra-Leoneans, Cameroonians, Nigerians, Tanzanians and Kenyans the paper propels that although romance and passionate love has always existed in Africa, the manner in which it is expressed has been experiencing constant transformation. Romance within the African context has become synonymous with chocolate, flowers, wine, champagne, candlelight dinners, soft music and expensive gifts. Computers now provide platforms from which to initiate relationships, and expressed intimate love and romantic relationships. Has this always been the case though? Have there been other ways of expressing love and being romantic?
Fomunyam, Bilola Nicoline, School of Social Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal: fomunya@ukzn.ac.za
A Contemporary interpretation of democracy and ethnicity in Africa
Abstract
The paradox of neoliberal interpretations on democracy has undermined the extent of ethnicity as a key dynamic in contemporary malt party democracy in Africa. The justification of ethnicity has impacted on access to power and resources, among other things; democracy in Africa operates in ways which give more privileges and opportunities according to ethnic background at the expense of the poor in Africa. The visible gap between the haves and haves not's , the powerful and the powerless, those in government and the elite class in Africa is still all determined along ethnic lines. Most ethnic groups have risen up against all forces at the grass root cause of disadvantageous conditions that hinder democracy but more is still to be accomplished to eradicate the deep ethnic validations. Against a backdrop of ethnicity as the classification of people and the relations between groups in the context of "self- and other" distinctions or consciousness among people with shared cultural and linguistic roots and that is utilized for political affiliation and mobilization to compete with other groups for scarce resources, this paper discusses the challenges that ethnicity poses to multiparty democracy and state building in malt ethnic states in Africa. It disclosures the correlations between ethnicity and democracy and shows how the former impacts on how the latter is enacted in malt cultural African societies.
Fwatshak, Sati U. Professor, Department of History and International Studies,
University of Jos: sfwatshak@gmail.com
Self-Appointed Champion[s] of Non-Existing Grievances" Versus "Square Pegs in Round Holes": African Rulers and the Opposition in the Blame Game on Africa's Failures
Abstract
Post-colonial Africa is sick but the internal actor to blame in its democracies resists consensus. Those in power and the opposition trade accusations against one another, as African countries, in the words of Ayitteh (2006), compete for the "lowest distinctions" in global rankings. Those in power demonize the opposition, whose criticisms they claim have no national support; or are not in the common interest, but based on narrow, self-interest. In the Cold War days, it was popular among so-called Socialist African regimes to describe those in the opposition as agents of Western imperialism; opposition was itself regarded as divisive in new nation-state projects. At the end of the Cold War, when multi-party democracies began to blossom, though as "kinship corporations", as described by Basil Davidson (1992), demonization of the opposition has hardly changed course. The opposition on its part has no complementary remarks for those in power. Described as brutal dictators, corrupt, neo-colonial, and inept/misfits, among other adjectives, the opposition has no credit rating for those in power. What do these high profile political debates represent? Are they mere post-colonial inventions? Do they have any impact on the emerging African democracies particularly in the area of development attempts? This paper argues that the political wars between the rulers and those in the opposition may be manifestations of the undeveloped nature of modern political institutions on the continent; they have roots in colonial autocracies' opposition intolerance; and have contributed to the "failed state" or "weak and fragile state" statuses of many independent African states. Largely secondary literature will be used to advance these arguments.
Godwin, Oyibo, Department of Christian Religious Studies, Federal College of Education, Okene, Kogi State, Nigeria: oyibogodwin@yahoo.com
An Examination of Jesus' Teachings on Christian Obligation to Civic Order and the Nigerian Experience
Abstract
The issue of Christian obligations to the civic order of their country has been a problem for Christians both in the New Testament and the Contemporary times in Nigeria. While some Christians advocate limited involvement, others are of the opinion that there is no limit to which the Christians can be involved. Scriptural passages are often either conservatively or liberally interpreted to justify the position which individual Christians or group take on the issue. This problem has created a dialectic dilemma for contemporary Christians. On one hand, those who advocate limited involvement are of the opinion that the civic authority is peopled with those who do not have the fear of God in them and therefore the entire system has been bedeviled with godlessness and evil tendencies. On the other hand, those who advocate full involvement in the civic lives of the nation have not been able to make as much difference as to convince skeptics of the difference which their involvement have made in the life of the nation. Thus, while Nigerian Christians are largely divided on the level of involvement, they are however unanimous in condemning the civic order of the contemporary times. This paper appraises these various positions that Christians have taken in Nigeria with a view to determining the level of compliance of such positions with scriptural teachings. It examines three different texts of Jesus' teachings in the New Testament which are usually used by Christians to justify their positions on their obligations to the civic order. The work also tried to situate these Jesus' teachings within their proper contexts in the New Testament so as to determine their relevance to the problems at stake. It thereafter concludes with some suggestions on both the level and the imperative of such involvement by the Nigerian Christians.
Hingston, Claudine, Department of Gender Studies, School of Social Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal: claudhings@yahoo.com
A Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Changing Meanings of Passionate and Romantic Love in the African Context
Abstract
This paper is essentially focused on the expression of love in the African context and seeks to provide knowledge on the concept of 'African romance'. It pays particular attention to the continuities and changes that has occurred over the years in romance within Africa and questions whether there is anything as 'African romance'. While research on love and romance is burgeoning and many cross-cultural researchers including anthropologists and evolutionary psychologists have commonly described passionate love, sexual desire and romance as a pan-human characteristic as well as cultural universals, this paper is a shift from such studies as it argues that culture has a profound impact on people's perceptions, feelings and experiences about love, and the appropriate and permissible way of expressing romantic and passionate feelings. Drawing on research conducted among South Africans, Sierra-Leoneans, Cameroonians, Nigerians, Tanzanians and Kenyans the paper propels that although romance and passionate love has always existed in Africa, the manner in which it is expressed has been experiencing constant transformation. Romance within the African context has become synonymous with chocolate, flowers, wine, champagne, candlelight dinners, soft music and expensive gifts. Computers now provide platforms from which to initiate relationships, and expressed intimate love and romantic relationships. Has this always been the case though? Have there been other ways of expressing love and being romantic?
ILESANMI, OLADELE AYODEJI (Ph.D), Department of Business Administration, Osun State University, Okuku campus, Osogbo, Nigeria: drilesanmi1@yahoo.com, drilesanmi1@gmail.com
THE INTERFACE BETWEEN GOVERNMENT POLICIES, HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY REDUCTION IN NIGERIA
Abstract
There can be no significant development in any country without functional and adequate human capital development. The reasonability of every government is determined to a larger extent on the ability of the government to better the lives of its citizens through the development of sound macroeconomic policies that will reduce poverty and inequality, controlled growth rate of population, attainment of high per capita income, programmed external borrowing and so on. The cumulative effect of these is to a greater extent the elimination of poverty and inequality in a nation. On the contrary, the major issues of critical concern in Nigeria in particular and developing nations in general are weak and poor policies resulting into high level of poverty and inequality. In view of the above, this paper seeks to examine the relationship between Government Policies, Human Capital Development, Poverty and Inequality Reduction thereby examining the policies of various regimes in Nigeria and how these policies have affected level of inequality and poverty in Nigeria. The following questions were raised to guide the writing of this paper. 1. What is meant by the following concepts: governance, poverty, inequality, human capital development? 2. What are the causes of poverty in Nigeria? 3. What are the possible solutions to human capital development problems, inequality and poverty? 4. Can Nigeria meet the targets as set by MDGs by 2015? The methodology adopted in this presentation is theoretical in approach. It is important to note that as laudable as some of these policies and programmes were, the sincerity of their establishment and poor implementation mechanism were the major causes of failure of these policies, resulting into high level of poverty and inequality in the society. In view of this, the paper therefore recommended that there should always be sincerity in the establishment of policies, faithful implementation of transformation agenda, NEEDs, MDGs, and other supportive programmes, full and proper implementation of Universal Basic Education and other structural levels of our educational policy to mention just a few.
Iroanya, Richard, Department of Political Sciences, University of Pretoria: obinnarichard@yahoo.com
Implications of Electoral Conflicts for Human and National Security in Africa: A Case study of Nigerian elections in 2003 and 2007
Abstract
Elections are means of establishing legitimate governance and leadership in democratic political settings. However, African politics in recent times has been undermined by electoral conflicts. In this regard, this paper analyses electoral conflicts with specific reference to Nigeria. Relying on data from Nigerian general elections between 2003 and 2007 the paper provides a description and analysis of electoral conflicts. It argues that electoral conflicts, which takes the forms of electoral processes manipulation, physical violence, such as, arson, revolting, assassinations, lootings, threats and intimidation of opponents and the electorate, has serious implications for human as well as national security. The implications of electoral conflicts for human security are accessed against the conceptualization of human security by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Report (HDR). Similarly, implications of electoral conflicts for national security are assessed based on the articulation of national security by the Nigerian state. Although a conceptual clarification between human and national security is provided, it is contended that both forms of security are intricately interwoven and mutually interdependent and reinforcing.
Iroulo, Lynda Chinenye, History & International Studies Department, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria: lilylas4eva@yahoo.com
Nigerian Culture and Educational Empowerment in the 21st Century: A Quest for Sustainable Development
Abstract
Like most other social science concepts, the problem of the term culture is evidently manifest in the literature. This is observed in the current pluralism of literature in culture, as being dominated by different schools of thoughts. However, most scholars would agree with a more inclusive definition of culture: customs, thoughts, languages, behaviours which comprises a society's way of life. This study looks at the social aspect of culture. The study examines culture and education as two inseparable terms and the effects of formal education on acculturation. It establishes the relationship between culture and education, the threats to culture and the need for its sustenance. It reappraises the future of African culture in a rapidly westernizing world. This study provides answers to the issue of western education in Africa with Nigeria as a case study; whether formal education mars or mends the continuity of culture and the outcome of the continuous outflow of Nigerians to the West. The study adopts a descriptive and systematic method of content analysis using secondary and primary data analysed through qualitative method. Generally, the study promotes the value of culture in education, the need for educational empowerment to revive the African culture which is slowly going into oblivion. This will lead to a desirable turn of events, portraying the importance acculturation in education; thereby contributing to the education Africa lost with colonization.
Jeremiah, Methuselah, (PhD) , Department of English and Drama, Kaduna State University, Kaduna-Nigeria: mekau65@gmail.com
Girl Power and the Re-created Image of Women in Contemporary Nigerian Drama
Abstract
This paper titled "Girl Power and the Re-created Image of Women in Contemporary Nigerian Drama" is an interrogation of recent trends within the literary discourse especially in the area of genderism. It is an indubitable fact that recent developments in the field of sports or popular culture indicate a sharp rise in the status of women. In sports for instance, certain games which are physicalistic in nature given the brute strength needed to do them and which hitherto have been taken for granted to be the exclusive preserve of men have suddenly been flooded by women. Invariably, sports like boxing, football etc which some years ago have only been the sole preserve of men is fast attracting women players. In the field of popular culture there is a measurable shift in the representation of women from their former weak, docile state to more dominating and aggressive roles. This situation is coming in the wake of the multiplicity of third wave feminisms, specifically the strand known as "girl power".
Jeremiah, Methuselah, (PhD) , Department of English and Drama, Kaduna State University, Kaduna-Nigeria: mekau65@gmail.com
THE POWER OF RESISTANCE, THE RESISTANCE OF POWER: IMAGES OF WOMEN IN CONTEMPORARY NIGERIAN LITERARY DRAMA
Abstract
Within the context of this study, the operational definition of power is used in two levels. First of all power with a small 'p' is construed to mean the strength, capacity or ability to do something; secondly, power with a capital 'P' is used to also denote the brute, coercive and intimidating machinery of oppression, in this case, the various institutions, whether ideological or physical that are deployed for the perpetual oppression and suppression of women in society. Power in this case, therefore, ranges from the institutions of the family where the woman is hemlined or the State which makes rules that are anti-women. Furthermore, Power can take the form of ideological constructions of society that find expression in traditions and culture of the people which themselves are inimical to the rights of women. For the sake of clarity, power is used as the capacity to assert oneself while Power is used as the institutions of oppression of women. This study investigates the various ways women have used their power to resist Power, whether in the family or the public spheres. A content analysis of selected plays especially by women was done within the backdrop of recognized and documented historical incidents of such resistance by women in time past. The findings in the study indicate that in spite of their lowly status in society, women possess the capacity to make themselves heard and to negotiate issues their way.
Jiboku, Peace A. School of Social Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal,
Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: jiboku.peace@gmail.com
Regional Integration and the Quest for Socio-Economic Development in Africa: Challenges for Civil Society
Abstract
Africa presents a very interesting field for academic exploration on regional integration considering the high concentration of sub-regional economic organisations, multi-lateral arrangements and institutions promoting the goals of regionalism. However, the continent has remained the least integrated, harboring most of the least developed countries of the world. Africa has been plagued by several challenges such as: inadequate food supplies, poor health facilities, cultural and religious crises, intra-state and inter-state conflicts, economic underdevelopment, environmental degradation and resource depletion, and continued marginalisation in world affairs. The obvious reality is that Africa is yet to benefit fully from the gains of integration and that the socio-economic development of the African continent -- one of the main objectives often declared in establishing regional integration institutions -- has so far not been realised. This paper examines the complexities and challenge of regional integration in the quest for socio-economic development in Africa. The paper identifies 'salient' issues in the discourse and makes a case for popular participation in Africa's integration and development processes; strengthening civil society participation in the formulation and implementation of policies; and mobilising the African people at all levels towards achieving the goals of integration. While identifying the challenges faced by civil society in Africa, the paper concludes that unless African regionalism is redefined in line with the principles of good governance, democracy and effective state-civil society relations, continental integration, unity and socio-economic development will continue to remain elusive in Africa.
Kalu, Kenneth E., (PhD), Deputy Director, Finance, National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA), Abuja, Nigeria: kenkalu@yahoo.com
Strategies to Transform Sub-Saharan Africa's Institutions for Sustainable Growth and Development
Abstract
Several studies have traced Sub-Saharan Africa's (SSA) underdevelopment to the nature of institutions prevalent in the region. It is well established that SSA's institutions are remarkably weak. State-society relations are generally defined by extraction and expropriation of the commonwealth in favor of state officials. The public service is largely inefficient, and the state cannot be trusted to protect property rights nor provide efficient services. These definitions and symptoms of institutional failure account for much of the development challenges facing the region. Despite the overwhelming evidence that Sub-Saharan Africa's perverse institutions explain much of the region's poor performance, very little research has examined ways to transform these institutions for better results. Rather, international efforts have often focused on analyzing the volume and structure of foreign aid to the region. Granted that foreign aid and other forms of development assistance have helped in some cases to provide temporary relief to some of the symptoms of institution failure, the effectiveness of foreign aid in lifting the region out of poverty and misery has been very disappointing. This is because aid has been a form of throwing supposedly good resources into faulty foundations. This paper acknowledges that SSA's present institutional arrangements have been defined, in large parts, by the two major historical epochs – slavery and colonialism – that pervaded the continent for centuries. Consequently, this paper undertakes the ambitious task of proposing strategies for the transformation of Africa's institutions in ways that would change the existing order and create the right incentives for meaningful productive engagements by government and non-governmental actors. Specifically, the paper will propose the promulgation and enforcement of coherent international codes and guidelines for state-society relations, public sector management, natural resources management, and conflict resolution across the region.
Lichtenstein, Alex, Associate Professor of History, Indiana University, BH742, Bloomington, IN 47401 USA, lichtens@indiana.edu
The Struggle for Industrial Democracy in South Africa: Shop Floor Battles for Union Recognition in Natal's Textile Industry, 1980-1983
Abstract
This paper offers a close examination of a bitter inter-union rivalry besetting Durban's Frame textile complex during the 1980s. With African unions at last recognized by the state, the Frame company sought to bolster the strength of the compliant Textile Workers' Industrial Union (TWIU) in order to thwart the organizing drive of the more confrontational "independent" union, the National Union of Textile Workers (NUTW), an affiliate of the newly established FOSATU that had grown out of the mass strikes of 1973. Because NUTW organizers sought to use their newly found legal recognition to democratize the workplace, the battle between TWIU and NUTW was fought out in the courts as well as inside the factory, in the streets of Durban townships and suburbs, and in the African workers' hostel in nearby Clermont. The legal dispute generated a remarkable cache of historical documents, affidavits by women workers attesting to the pressures they faced to join TWIU and their reasons for preferring the highly democratic NUTW. Based on these affidavits, union records, and shop-steward minutes, the paper argues that spurred on by the chance to join a democratic, shopfloor union, African women successfully also challenged the patriarchal authority of male managers, security personnel, indunas, and male co-workers at Frame. The direct democracy practiced by South Africa's independent Black trade unions in this era would have a profound effect on the trajectory and political culture of South Africa's liberation movement.
Maruma, Mamalatswa Walburga PhD, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa, Kgetja.maruma@ul.ac.za
Fluency, accuracy and complexity: The hiatus between curriculum specifications and assessment practices in English language in South Africa
Abstract
Grammar, including language structures and conventions, are not explicitly stated as aspects to be taught in the curriculum and assessment policy statement that guides the teaching and learning of English in South Africa. Ironically, these same aspects are expected to be explicitly assessed. It is implied that language structures should be incorporated in the other skills, namely, speaking and listening, reading and viewing and writing and presenting during teaching and learning. Educators therefore tend to overlook the importance of grammar, language structures and conventions to the detriment of the learners who apparently cannot directly relate to examination questions that focus on such concepts. This paper suggests, consequently , that test validity evidence needs to be integrated into a coherent argument in order to support the uses of the South African English Language matriculation results in decision- making and placement.
Mogale Daniel Diseko, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa, thabo.diseko.md@gmail.com
The relationship between the culture of democracy in South Africa and the rate of development since 1994
Abstract
The dawn of democracy in South Africa in 1994 brought many opportunities for all South Africans, especially the black majority who were deprived of their basic human rights by the apartheid government. These opportunities now available to all in South Africa include access to education, fair labour practices, and freedom of movement and association among others. These rights and freedoms are entrenched in the Freedom Charter and the country's new Constitution that was adopted in 1996. For example, freedom of speech is widely exercised almost unrestricted by print media and many political party leaders in such platforms as parliament. On the other hand, the freedom of expression, association and movement including the right to protest could in some instances be perceived in a negative way especially in relation to the widespread service delivery actions in many towns. An example of protest actions which have a negative impact on the image and economy of the country is the Marikana mine strike in 2012 which led to the death of 44 people. This paper seeks to establish a relationship between the culture of democracy in South Africa and the rate of development since 1994. It further draws from lessons and experiences in other African and developing countries to identify opportunities and challenges relating to democracy.
Mohale, David, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa: dmohale@webmail.co.za/ david.mohale@matjhabeng.co.za
The cultures of arrested development in South Africa's local governance Personal Details
Abstract
Local governance reforms in South Africa has repositioned the local government as that level that has direct impact on everyday lives of citizens. Municipalities have been assigned major development responsibilities in democratic South Africa, thereby acting as important arenas of social transformation and democratic deepening. Since the era of developmental local government in 2000, municipalities have registered important scores in improving the lives of the people for the better, especially with regard to the delivery of basic services such as water, electricity and sanitation. Twenty years later into democracy, studies do show that the quality of life in South Africa is incomparably better than in 1994. However, the record service delivery achievements has also been marred by resilient fault-lines that have plagued this important sphere of government. This paper singles out the four most marked primary problems that have arguably arrested potential role and development of local government. These are the contaminated political environment, politics-policy dichotomy, leaders who are not leaders and coordination malaise. These four problems are termed "cultures of arrested development" and are attributable to the hegemony of the ruling party and the subsequent absence of substantive uncertainty. Their combination therefore gives rise to a number of symptomatic features that are widely recorded in public policy literature. The paper argues for the worsening of the ruling party internal problems until the shell breaks with a hope that this will result in the national crisis that will mobilise cohesive policy networks that will forge the necessary social capitals per municipality.
Molebatsi, Robert, Department of Sociology, University of Botswana: molebatr@mopipi.ub.bw
Personalized politics: Botswana under Seretse Khama Ian Khama
Abstract
A state president is a critical player in determining the future direction of a country. However, while the president is the leading political personality of the state and often referred to as the father of the nation, institutions of the state and the civil society sectors must also play important roles. The thread that runs through this paper is the argument that there is a steady trend toward personalization of the state in Botswana where proposed policies and programs are styled in the name and image of the state president. Nevertheless, this paper argues that capable, intelligent and effective institutions of the state should take lead in crafting a long term and sustainable future for the country. In the context of the challenges of development in Botswana, governance should go beyond a neo-patrimonial system and entrench political and administrative power with capable and effective structures of administration that would guarantee continuity in the face of a change in leadership. Thus, strengthening institutions of the state is crucial to engineer collective action and detach personal preferences of the state president from the needs, aspirations and interests of the citizenry.
Molebatsi, Robert, Department of Sociology, University of Botswana: molebatr@mopipi.ub.bw
Culture of Democracy and Citizenship in Botswana
Abstract:
Botswana's electoral democracy dates back to 1965 when the first multiparty election was held. Ever since, Botswana has maintained its democratic tradition, holding regular elections every five years. Botswana has also been judged to have fared favourably on other measures of democracy such as the observance of the rule of law, free media and the separation of powers. Using different measures, many indices point a positive democratic picture of Botswana. To this extent, Botswana has been seen as a beacon of democracy in Africa. However, on the ground there are audible cries among citizens for an effective democracy. It appears that not much has been done to nurture democracy that can impact on the lives of ordinary citizens. This paper seeks to argue that despite the visible presence of formal democracy, on the ground the picture is not that rosy. There appears to be a gap between formal democracy and real participatory democracy that impacts positively on the daily realities of many citizens. Thus, this essay offers a critique of this gap and concludes that Botswana is yet to fully foster a culture of participatory democracy that benefits ordinary citizens.
Moti, Ukertor Gabriel (PhD), Department of Public Administration, University of Abuja-Nigeria: ukertor@yahoo.com,
The Synergy of the Political Class and Electoral Violence in the Nigeria's Fourth Republic: Implication for Deepening Democracy
Abstract
Electoral violence is not a sine qua non but credible elections are and salient indicator of deepening democracy. Nigeria has had four national elections: 1999; 2003; 2007 and 2011 with increased electoral violence in each successive election. This paper is an attempt to examine electoral violence in the Nigeria's fourth republic from the perspective of elite conception of politics with emphasis on its composition, manifestation, effects and likely solutions using secondary data. The central argument of the paper is that the unprecedented electoral violence under the fourth Nigeria's republic may not be unconnected with the existing authoritarian political class which employed various strategies to weaken electoral related institutions invariably manipulating the electoral process. This has resulted to exceptional fraud, corruption, intimidation and other forms of electoral violence as witnessed since 1999. The focus on Nigerian political class other than most electoral architectures lies from the backdrop of its dominate role in the electoral politics in terms of rule-making, rule-implementation and rule-adjudication. The paper calls for punitive measures through constitutional engineering for those involved in perpetuating the act of electoral violence from all sides of the political spectrum. Failure to face justice and play politics by the rules, electoral violence will not only significantly jeopardise the prospects for 2015 general elections, but will invalidate Nigeria's attempt to deepen its democracy as a whole.
Mude, Torque (PhD Fellow), Department of Political Sciences, University of South Africa (Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe):mudet@msu.ac.zw
Democracy is culture specific: A case of Zimbabwean democracy
Abstract
Democracy is a controversial concept that does not have a universally accepted meaning. Generally, it denotes a government of the people by the people. Some argue that democracy is a Western concept that is not applicable in other parts of the world whilst others view it as universal. The objective of this study is to analyse the concept democracy as culture specific using Zimbabwean democracy as a case study. This means that what is considered democracy in other political cultures is not democracy in Zimbabwe and what is recognised as democracy in Zimbabwe may not be seen as democracy in other political cultures. Methodologically, books, journals, newspapers, desktop research and passive observations were used as data collection tools. Conclusions drawn from this study indicate that Zimbabwe subscribes to Zimbabwean democracy. The major tenets of Zimbabwean democracy are; top government posts belong to those with liberation war credentials, fusion of powers, election rigging, transparency within the ruling elite, accountability to the elite and free and fair elections. Zimbabwean political ideology and culture in terms of democracy is applicable to the country alone. Other universally recognised tenets of democracy such as protection of human rights including gay and lesbian rights are not accepted in the political culture of Zimbabwe. Democracy is localized in the country in the sense that certain aspects of it are modified to suit the country's interests and aspirations and there are certain aspects of democracy which are not accepted in Zimbabwe political culture.
NNADOZIE, Onyema Uchechukwu (Ph.D)., Dept. of Public Administration and Local Govt., University of Nigeria, Nsukka. nnadozieonyema@yahoo.com;
Culture, Democratization and Development in Africa: Essence, Nexus and Praxis
Abstract
Culture is a living and dynamic concept, containing both simple and complex variables. It is within cultures that one encounters the paradoxes of life. What is accepted, practiced and taken as normal in one culture is regarded as taboo and abhorred in another. Culture embodies the traditional and religious practices and beliefs, values and norms of a people and their way of life, including their social, economic and political system. Indeed, culture is synonymous with a people's civilization and no culture is superior or inferior to another. A culture is influenced by the environment within which it is situated. Culture(s) could be imposed or forced on another through coercive means, and a people that allow another culture to overwhelm or dominate it by whatever means risks being erased out of existence, as a people without a culture are a people without a past and have no future. In the same vein, if democracy is accepted as the 'government of the people, by the people and for the people' then it cannot be said to be alien to or a special trait of particular culture(s). Though there are certain attestable and demonstrable variables common to every democratic mode of organization, democracy as a system of governance is not a static or a peculiar practice traceable to particular culture(s). For instance, many democratic ethos, norms and values abound in Africa's cultural practices and traditions. Varieties of democracy therefore exist all adapted to serve and solve the needs and problems of different cultures. Western liberal democracy which emphasizes form over content and is today the vogue in Africa is a colonial legacy designed to serve western powers. Its unwholesome practice will not help solve our problems but only further entrench foreign grip on Africa's economy. Similarly, development which can be said to be the ability of a people to consciously, continuously and consistently manipulate and exploit themselves and their environment in order to better their lives and those of others is certainly a culture-bound process. The process is not a linear trajectory movement that transmits from one culture(s) to others. This paper is an attempt to critically interrogate the concepts of culture, democratization and development, especially in relation to their practice, essence, interconnectedness and relevance in the lives, aspirations and needs of African people. The paper contends that the three concepts are closely interwoven, and that though democracy midwives development, liberal democracy undermines Africa's development process. The discussion shall be done within the framework of the non-liberal political economy, which emphasizes the intimacy between a society's political system and its mode of production and their primacy in social engineering.
NASIR, T. OLAIDE, DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH & PERFORMING ARTS, OLABISI ONABANJO UNIVERSITY, AGO-IWOYE, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
PSYCHOSOCIAL ANALYSIS OF CULTURE OF BAD GOVERNANCE IN A DEMOCRATIC SETTING.
Abstract
The best form of governance widely accepted all over the world is democracy simply because it gives the people the opportunity to choose their leaders and how they will be governed. However, it is observed that in some African countries, Nigeria inclusive, even though democracy is being practiced after a long military rule, the dividends of democracy which includes good governance, respect of various fundamental human rights, provision of amenities and setting standard for good living is practically absent. Instead, the culture of greed, corruption, embezzlement, violence and several anti-democratically behaviours has become the order of the day. This will definitely hinder development. Po-ol-Based on the psychoanalytical theory that there are factors outside of a person's awareness (unconscious thoughts, feelings and experiences) which influence his or her thoughts and actions, this paper attempts a psychosocial analysis of the leaders perpetuating these bad behavioural attitudes. It therefore concludes that resorting to prayers alone cannot bring the desired dividends of democracy but not until a proper understanding of the attitude of the leaders is attained and cure found, dividends of democracy shall continue to elude the masses.Key words: Psychoanalysis, Democracy. Governance, Human rights
NASIR, T. OLAIDE, DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH & PERFORMING ARTS, OLABISI ONABANJO UNIVERSITY, AGO-IWOYE, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
Beyond Redemption? An historical/cultural interrogation of Nigeria's political landscape
ABSTRACT
Nigeria gained her independence in 1960 and became a republic in 1963. However, it has been a chequered history in the life of Nigerians since then. The road has been smooth and bumpy but now, getting bumpier. Having survived a civil war and eight military regimes, the almost 200 million peopled nation seem to have eventually settled for democratic governance. However, since the advent of this democratic rule, the masses are yet to enjoy dividends of democracy leaving the people to wonder whether the country is practising democracy or oligarchy. Even the diasporic voice and writings of nationalists has had little effect on the governance. Reflecting on importance of democracy, this paper discusses visions and missions of the founding fathers and the contributions of the nationalists at home and in the diaspora focusing on artistic icons such as Wole Soyinka, Chinua Achebe, Fela Anikulapo-Kuti etc. It discovers that the root of the plethora of problems ravaging the nation is embedded in corruption which is fast gaining ground across the continent. Juxtaposing with some African countries, it queries: Is corruption part of African culture? It then concluded that despite the visions of the founding fathers and nationalists, despite the abundant natural resources at the behest of the nation, the people are yet to enjoy the benefit of democracy leaving them to think they would have fared better under colonial administration.
Ngozwana, Nomazulu, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus: nomazulungozwana@gmail.com
Democracy in Lesotho: A new paradigm shift?
Abstract
This paper evaluates and analyses the evolution of democracy in Lesotho. The Mountain Kingdom of Lesotho marked its 20 years of democracy in 2013 following a historic election that established coalition government in 2012. This came after 23 years of authoritarian rule, followed by one party dominant rule. Lesotho has held five multi-party elections since 1993. In the first two elections (1993 and 1998), representatives were fielded through First Past the Post, a winner takes all model, while the last three (2002, 2007 and 2012) representatives were chosen through Mixed Member Proportion model, which was devised in 2001 as an election resolution conflict in Lesotho. This MMP model has granted Lesotho some level of political stability. However the election of democratic leaders does not sit well with the traditional leadership structures and most Basotho. This is because the modern style has changed the traditional practices where decision making was made through consensus, mainly by adult males.The study adopted an interpretive paradigm as a small scale, explorative qualitative study in one rural district. Secondary data sources were examined followed by interviews and focus group discussions. Data was thematically analysed through a theoretical lens of democracy using a developed conceptual framework. Findings revealed a cultural alienation, a paradigm shift of the lost past by a rural community.
Nyam, Aondowase, Department of Political Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa: aondonyam@gmail.com,
The Synergy of the Political Class and Electoral Violence in the Nigeria's Fourth Republic: Implication for Deepening Democracy
Abstract
Electoral violence is not a sine qua non but credible elections are and salient indicator of deepening democracy. Nigeria has had four national elections: 1999; 2003; 2007 and 2011 with increased electoral violence in each successive election. This paper is an attempt to examine electoral violence in the Nigeria's fourth republic from the perspective of elite conception of politics with emphasis on its composition, manifestation, effects and likely solutions using secondary data. The central argument of the paper is that the unprecedented electoral violence under the fourth Nigeria's republic may not be unconnected with the existing authoritarian political class which employed various strategies to weaken electoral related institutions invariably manipulating the electoral process. This has resulted to exceptional fraud, corruption, intimidation and other forms of electoral violence as witnessed since 1999. The focus on Nigerian political class other than most electoral architectures lies from the backdrop of its dominate role in the electoral politics in terms of rule-making, rule-implementation and rule-adjudication. The paper calls for punitive measures through constitutional engineering for those involved in perpetuating the act of electoral violence from all sides of the political spectrum. Failure to face justice and play politics by the rules, electoral violence will not only significantly jeopardise the prospects for 2015 general elections, but will invalidate Nigeria's attempt to deepen its democracy as a whole.
Nyam, Aondowase, Department of Political Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa: aondonyam@gmail.com,
Implications of Electoral Conflicts for Human and National Security in Africa: A Case study of Nigerian elections in 2003 and 2007
Abstract
Elections are means of establishing legitimate governance and leadership in democratic political settings. However, African politics in recent times has been undermined by electoral conflicts. In this regard, this paper analyses electoral conflicts with specific reference to Nigeria. Relying on data from Nigerian general elections between 2003 and 2007 the paper provides a description and analysis of electoral conflicts. It argues that electoral conflicts, which takes the forms of electoral processes manipulation, physical violence, such as, arson, revolting, assassinations, lootings, threats and intimidation of opponents and the electorate, has serious implications for human as well as national security. The implications of electoral conflicts for human security are accessed against the conceptualization of human security by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Report (HDR). Similarly, implications of electoral conflicts for national security are assessed based on the articulation of national security by the Nigerian state. Although a conceptual clarification between human and national security is provided, it is contended that both forms of security are intricately interwoven and mutually interdependent and reinforcing.
Nyam, Aondowase, Department of Political Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa: aondonyam@gmail.com,
The Nigerian Electoral System: Complexity and Challenges
Abstract
Considerable attention has been devoted to revising the electoral laws and institutional framework in this case electoral systems with the aim of improving the conduct of elections in Nigeria. This paper discusses the Nigerian Electoral System within the context of achieving credible elections as it has evolved from the 1999 transitional arrangements under the then military regime of General Abdullahi Abubakar. The system was revised in 2002, 2006 and 2010 in line with party demands and political realities. It still remains a very complex system in that, it incorporates the elections of the President, Senate and House of Representatives at the federal level and election of 36 State Governors and State Assemblies at the state level and 774 local government elections at the municipal level. The paper seeks to look at the system variations at different levels and how it has been implemented overtime. The electoral system has had to respond to several challenges including electoral violence in 2003 and 2007 and the accusations of corruption and malpractices in 2011. How have the various challenges been addressed and what improvements still need to be made? The complexities involved and challenges that have plagued the Nigerian electoral system and its implications for free and fair elections are discussed.
Odey, Mike.O., Professor of History, Department of History, Benue State University, Makurdi :winersbygrace@yahoo.co.uk
African Responses to the Challenges of Environmental Crises and Poverty in the 21st Century
Abstract
This is a preliminary research and several issues raised still need to be substantiated. The paper links the vulnerability of the Africa poor to problems of climate change and the corresponding implications on the African development process. The central argument is articulated in 4 parts and revolves around the necessity for prompt responses to challenges of climate change as an important way of dealing with poverty in Africa. Given the peculiarity of the African environment and poverty level, the statement of the problem is: how is climate change affecting the African development process? The objective is to use the African vulnerability assessment to review the implications of the crisis on the poor who constitute the vast majority in Africa and demonstrate how the two impinge on the trajectory of African development over time. Another objective is to examine the relationship between climate change, the safety nets of the poor who are the most vulnerable to droughts and food insecurity due to crop failure, loss of soil nutrients and health risks against the background of the burgeoning extreme weather conditions. The methodology of data used for this multidisciplinary analysis was elicited from a bevy of secondary literature and UN/DFID reports on climate change. The most significant contribution is that the work will set in motion more active debate on the impact of climate change on the poor and relate to African developing where the impact of climate change appears to be worse but is least discussed. The emerging conclusion revolves around the urgent need to respond to the emerging issues through legislation and public policy and implementation on climate change to fast track the African development process.
Odey, Mike .O., Department of History, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria: winersbygrace@yahoo.co.uk
POVERTY REDUCTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH/DEVELOPMENT UNDER DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE in NIGERIA SINCE 1999
Abstract
At global and continental levels, good governance has proved to be a catalyst for economic growth and development. This is because participatory democracy invests more in human capital and is more amenable and accountable to its people in the art of governance than military dictatorial regimes which exploit the economy more and are subject to too many abuses of power without checks/balances. Although, democratic governments have too many things to chase and resolve simultaneously, but because they are under the peoples' mandate and have to justify their legitimacy/continuity in power they are under obligation to reduce poverty and constantly improve the standard of living of the citizens especially at the rural level, thereby promoting an overall conducive environment for investment and national economic growth and development. Furthermore, they are more disposed to national development because they operate under democratic institutions and follow the due process of making laws in parliament for the purpose of development and enforcing them. Similarly, participatory democracies are more accountable to the people and ready to outlaw corruption and whatever may constitute a clog in the wheel of national progress. Against this background, it is plausible to argue that democratic governments are more friendly to trajectories of development than Military dictatorships in Africa. The central argument of this essay is to interrogate how democratic governance in Nigeria has brought about social and economic growth and development since 1999.The essay isolates the role of democratic governance in national development in Nigeria and particularly seeks to demonstrate to what extent democratic governance in Nigeria has facilitated the development process by reducing poverty and stimulated socio-economic growth in the country. The essay used the template of democratic principles and the basic components of development as a basis for analyzing the level of development in the country during the period against the validity of the argument that democratic principles promote development more than military dictatorships in Africa. The methodology of research was a review of government policies and programs on national development during the period. Drawing from the Nigerian lesson, the conclusion of the essay is focused on how to improve the art of representative governance in African and make it a state-of-the art for the growth and development process in the continent and indeed, a radical shift towards making poverty history in the most backward continent in the world.
Odule, Oluwakemi Adesimbo, Department of English & Performance Arts, Olabisi Onabanjo University, AgoIwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria., oluwakemiodule@yahoo.com
Nudity: a vogue in Nigerian Musical Video.
Abstract
Nudity is an act of being naked; the state of not wearing clothes at all. Several factors can be responsible for this act;i.e believe, (the nudist who believes it is natural and healthy)fashion, culture and so on. Naturally clothes should be worn for protection and decency. Babara and Cletus Anderson observe that "man wore cloths for reason of modesty, standards of decency and indecency". This also reflects in the story of the first man and woman in the bible, Gen 3;7 that says "And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons", why this because they were ashame, a state of nakedness should be a shameful one, but unfortunately, fast becoming fashion.Therefore this paper focus on African art, not being arts for art sake but usually reflection of norms and values. Culture has been associated to different definitions, but the bottom line is that culture has a lot to do with man and his social group(s). it distinguishes a group from another, such as Family, Associations, Proffesions, Gangsters, Prisonerns, Religious groups and so on, but as human being we dress the way we wish to be addressed. Geoffrey (1974) is of the idea that "our conception of the world must deeply influence our appearance". There is an interaction between the world we live and the appearance we choose to make within it, when we come in contact with someone the first five minutes the focus will be on our appearance. Clyder also describe culture with a phrase " as a design for living". Becker etal (1999) describes culture as the "shared understandings that people use to coordinate their activities". Our activities as human beings involved our mode of dressing, what we eat, our occupation, believes. On a final note nudity is not an acceptable act in African culture. Our imitation of the western culture are generally blind imitation of foreign value. This paper will focus on the musical video of AyodejiIbrahim Balogun, popularly called Wizkid's "Pakurumo" a remix of an African folksong that portrays songs and dances celebrating African beauty.
Okpeh O. Okpeh Professor of History, Department of History, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria: Okpeh@gmail.com
INTERROGATING THE CONTRADICTIONS IN POSTCOLONIAL AFRICAN CULTURAL POLICIES AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: THE NIGERIAN EXAMPLE
Abstract
The appeal for cultural authenticity has become overwhelming in postcolonial Africa, especially since the beginning of 1970s. Inherent in this call is the long term goal or objective of rehabilitating and restoring the African culture as a basis for national development. This paper examines some of the contradictions inherent in this approach and why it has failed over the years. It also discusses the implications of this on the development of the continent and its peoples. Extrapolating from the Nigerian experience, it argues that the fight for an authentic national culture means in the first place, the fight for the liberation of the continent, that material foundation which makes the building of a national culture possible. Given the history of their colonial experience, there is no other fight for culture which can evolve and be socially relevant to the people of Nigeria and indeed the African continent, than the popular struggle.
Okpeh O. Okpeh Professor of History, Department of History, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria: Okpeh@gmail.com
"CAN THERE BE DEMOCRACY WITHOUT DISSENTING VOICES?" HISTORICIZING THE DISEMPOWERMENT OF THE OPPOSITION IN POSTCOLONIAL AFRICAN POLITICS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE DEMOCRACY PROJECT
Abstract
Since the emergence and acquiescence of liberal democracy by modern states, a number of very critical questions underscoring how it is practiced by some of these states and the implications of this for its survival and sustainability as well as political stability. For example, how come the opposition in African politics is either existing or completely weak? Can democracy in modern Africa really survive without the opposition? What is it with the nature and character of postcolonial African politics that makes it impossible for a thriving opposition and are their historical antecedents underpinning this situation? What can really be done to entrench and deepen liberal democracy in modern Africa as a basis for achieving political stability, good governance and development? Against this background, this paper attempts to historicize the opposition in modern Africa and relates this to the dilemma of political instability the continent is faced with. Sampling the experience of some African countries, the paper further avers that there can never be liberal democracy without a robust opposition, and demonstrates how the opposition is enfeebled in the dialectics and dynamics of politics in modern Africa and suggests ways out of this conundrum.
Olatunji, Samson Olusola, Department of Educational Management, Faculty of Education, Lead City University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria: olatunji.samson@lcu.edu.ng or samsholat@gmail.com
Investigating Democracy-Promoting Thoughts from Nigerian Monarchical Heritage: Looking for the Living among the Dead?
Abstract
The insignificant success arguably recorded so far in Nigeria's democratic experimentation as opposed to the huge success of advanced democracies seems to indicate that there is nothing democratic in the ethnic roots of a typical Nigerian. This survey was thus conducted to investigate the existence of democratic contents in the linguistic heritage of the three most prominent ethnic groups in the country in order to establish whether democratic values can be developed in Nigerians only through the English-language-medium western education or also in the Nigerian-indigenous-language-medium education. Ten elderly people were purposively selected from each of the three ethnic nationalities to get twenty proverbs or other deep sayings in their traditional cultures that promote democratic values from each. In the second stage, one hundred people aged twenty to forty years were got through a multi-stage sampling procedure to ascertain their knowledge of the sayings obtained from the first stage of the research. The findings show that each of the ethnic groups has democracy promoting values in their linguistic repertoire. Most of the youths showed gross deficiency in the knowledge of such sayings, professing that only an English-medium education system can promote democracy. The study thus concludes with an advocacy for the preservation of our indigenous languages to maximise the benefits of the democratic values embedded.
Olugbamigbe, Olukemi (Mrs), Department of Home Economics, Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo – Nigeria: kemiolug@yahoo.com
DEVELOPMENT AND DEMOCRACY AS DRIFTING FACTORS FROM THE CULTURE OF GOOD GROOMING FOR AFRICAN WOMEN
Abstract
So much is expected from the woman across Africa in terms of raising children that conform to the standards and norms of the society. Though the woman does this together with other people around her, she is solely held responsible for socially misfit and culturally errant children. In the traditional African set up, the task of raising the children had been lessened by a series of cultural activities, prescriptions roles and privileges. Development in the context of this paper is conceived as change in the expected and actual roles of the woman in the current social set up. Internal Democracy within the home structure is also viewed as capable of disrupting the relationship pattern required to bring about cohesion and to maintain order in the family. This paper contends that this change has caused a shift in the focus of the woman from her domestic responsibilities. The paper concludes that this shift in focus has been responsible for the absence of the much needed good grooming for African children, especially the girl child.
Olugbamigbe, Yemi, Department of English, Adeyemi College of Education
Ondo – Nigeria: yemiolugbamigbe@yahoo.co.uk
THE ÀPÓN MELODRAMATIC RITES AMONG THE ONDOS OF SOUTH WEST NIGERIA: A VALUE IN EXTINCTION?
Abstract
Àpón and Obitun rites used to exist and were performed side by side among the Ondo people in South Western part of Nigeria. The rites were performed for young male and female indigenes of the same age bracket in the society. It was a melo-dramatic performance that lasted seven days for the female and nine days for their male counterparts. Today, following changes in the attitudes and dispositions of the people, Obitun has been reduced to a mere form of dance used to entertain guests at important social gatherings while the Àpón version is practically going into extinction as it is no longer performed. This paper explores the cultural values of the Àpón rites; and examines the factors that contribute to its neglect by the people. The implications of allowing this once vibrant art form to die are also considered. The conclusion is that the Àpón rites used to be a veritable means of enculturation, entertainment and a social control mechanism among the Ondos with its semblances in many other traditional cultures of Africa. Scholars should investigate and re-enact its artistic, aesthetic and philosophical values as a means of contributing to social stability in the endangered over-westernised emerging African cultures.
Olúmúyìwá , Tèmítọ́pẹ́ (PhD), Department of Linguistics & Languages, Adékúnlé Ajáṣin University, Àkùngbá-Àkókó, Oǹdó State, Nigeria: oluolumuyiwa@gmail.com
Yorùbá Tradition and Modernity: An Examination of Humorous Communication in Selected Yorùbá Comedy Video Films
Abstract
It is generally assumed that no tradition is static and Yorùbá traditions especially in contemporary times are passing through rapid and in some cases, violent changes which have led to the cultural weakening of the people. The trend, if not checked, would lead to disappearance of our cultural heritage. Yorùbá comedy films are used to amuse and lighten moods and allow audience to escape from reality and lose themselves in humour. Despite this, Yorùbá comedy video films have the communicative potentials of providing and transmitting knowledge to the audience in order to foster intellectual development, formation of character which enables them to operate as effective members of the society. It is against this backdrop that we examine how Yorùbá film artists use humour, using Jẹ̀lílì, Jẹ́nífà and Èmi ni Ire kàn Láyé as case studies to satirize how the society displays total disdain for almost all aspects of the Yorùbá culture. The study posits that,(a) there is need to give Yorùbá language a respectable standing in national ideological systems and (b) the need to revive and regenerate some traditional values in order to disseminate them to generation yet unborn for the purpose of preserving the heritage of the past.
Omagu, Donald O., PhD, Department of History, , College of Staten Island/City University of New York, Staten Island, New York, United States.
donomagu_01@yahoo.com
Culture, Cross Currents and the African Child in the Diaspora: The Dilemma of the 21st Century Immigrants to the United States.
Abstract:
African immigration has become an all-pervasive phenomenon in the first decade of the twenty first century has been associated with the prevailing economic paralysis and political suffocation in most African countries. With widely disparate motivations, African immigrants have over the years transformed the United States of America as a choice country of emigration. While America has been so receptive to the influx of immigrants from Africa and other parts of the world, the assimilation of the host culture by American children of Nigerian descent has been a daunting and challenging task for migrant parents drawn to the United States by the American Dream. This paper examines the cultures of migration, transition of immigrant's children into the American social-cultural values and the challenges of maintaining a bicultural identity. The paper in addition provides a synthesized conclusion based on an assessment of African cultural values which is under threat of decline among Nigeria-American children in the Diaspora
Orngu, Chris S., PhD, Department of History, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria: chrisorngu@yahoo.com; corngu@bsum.edu.ng
Cultural Imperialism and the Dilemma of Cultural Diplomacy in Africa
Abstract
Cultural dynamics, which have, in the African experience, taken a noticeable trajectory, are themselves products of overwhelming global realities some of which are driven by forces like astonishing breakthroughs in advanced international media and high-level information and communications technology (ICT). Through these forces and channels, there is an inescapable process of cultural synchronization emanating from the West. The resultant consequence of this historical reality for the African peoples translates to cultural imperialism – a situation that has dislocated the various African cultures and subjected them to the dominance of Euro-American cultures, especially in this 21st century. This paper is committed to the interrogation and analysis of the extent to which cultural imperialism has affected the trends and dimensions of cultural diplomacy in Africa. It argues that the dualistic thesis that sustains the inferior/superior relations between African and Western cultures is accentuated by cultural imperialism. It concludes that the present subjugate posture of African cultures undermines the assertive disposition of Africa in her cultural diplomatic relations with the West. This position is powered by the conviction that diplomacy itself is an important national power. Therefore, cultural diplomacy can be effectively deployed in the pursuit of national interest in the area of diplomatic relations. The paper pontificates that since culture can effectively function as a variant of soft power, African peoples require a cultural re-orientation in order that the peoples' indigenous cultures can be deployed in the pursuit for more rewarding cultural diplomatic relations with the West.
OSEZUA, EHIYAMEN MEDIAYANOSE (PhD), DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCES, OSUN STATE UNIVERSITY, OSOGBO , NIGERIA: osezuaomo2002@yahoo.com
POLITICAL CULTURE, DEMOCRACY AND VOTING BEHAVIOUR IN NIGERIA (1960-2007)
Abstract
Absence of shared national political culture based on democratic values such as popular participation of citizens in the electoral process is more likely to bring about political instability in a multiethnic society like Nigeria. This paper argued that shared national, rather than ethnic and undemocratic political culture is more likely to engender proper voting behaviour amongst citizens to elect competent leaders. It concluded that the existence of shared national political culture and the reforms of the electoral system would result in the election of democratic national and competent leaders, and hence promote political development in a multiethnic society like Nigeria.
OSEZUA, Oghoadena. Clementina (PhD), Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria: tinaosezua@yahoo.com; toinaosezua@oauife.edu.ng
Women's Hair Do and their Symbolism among the Yoruba People : An Anthropological Analysis
Abstract
Little or no attention has been paid to research that focus on hair do's by Nigerian women despite the huge attention given by Afro-Americans. This article examines women ideals and their cultural construction of female beauty and explores their impact women's subjective experiences. The analysis focuses on hair as a key site for investigating how social cultural expectations of gendered woman are reproduced and how women's bodies and identities are marked by their choices of hair do" and "don'ts". Through analysis of women's personal narratives, this article examines how individual women attempt to reconstruct their subjectivities by accommodating dominant cultural aesthetic norms, or in some instances opposing them. The analysis provides insight into the changing gendered dimensions of beauty construction in Nigeria within the context of globalization.
OYENUGA, OLUKAYODE, FELIX, DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY,, FACULTY OF ARTS,, OLABISI ONABANJO UNIVERSITY,, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA: kayodeoyenuga@yahoo.com
TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL RATIONALITY AND DEVELPMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY AFRICA
Abstract
Although Nigeria is the giant of Africa, it is quite unencouraging to note that the country is an underdog in technological development. Instead of developing a viable culture of technological development, there is an extravagant culture of borrowing of technology which in most cases does not consider prevailing cultural reality and ethos. It is pointed that without a radical overhaul and development of technological education to power indigenous 1technology, it will be very difficult for Nigeria to enlist her name in the midst of advanced nations. This paper articulates the path to technological development in Nigeria. It exposes the problems in the prevailing trend and forge an intricate nexus among morality, technology, culture and development.
Oyeweso, Siyan Professor of History and Director of Development Office, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria: gafoye@gmail.com
No title
Abstract
The Nigerian public service has undergone changes and transformation over the years; unfortunately, successive reforms have not made significant impact to re0engineer the public sector in providing effective services for the general well-being of Nigerians. Reforms were therefore identified as the viable avenue towards achieving efficiency and effectiveness of the service because of the belief of successive governments. This paper critically examined these challenges with a view to provide strategic solutions in terms of innovation, motivation collaboration and capacity building for the re-envisioning of the future of the Nigerian public sector.
PHILIP, DAHIDA DEEWUA (Ph.D), DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, UNIVERSITY OF ABUJA, ABUJA-NIGERIA:dahida2008@yahoo.com/ Deewuadahida@gmail.com
MANAGING VIOLENCE AND SUSTAINING DEMOCRACY IN NIGERIA: AN UNRESOLVED AGENDA
Abstract
Nigeria gained her independence in 1960 which usher in a democratic parliamentary system of government. The democratic institutions were not allowed to exist in full scale as a result of frequent military interventions. The enthronement of democratic governance at all levels in May 29, 1999 was widely expected to usher in a political culture based on justice, equity, sense of belonging, participation and violence tolerance, transparency and accountability in the conduct of the affairs of the nation and improvement in the welfare of the citizenry. However, Nigeria is today bedevilled with ethnic strife, civil unrest, religious crisis, armed militias groups are gradually increasing at alarming rate with steady manifestation of political violence in every election conducted at the federal, state or local level. It has also become necessary to view the violence in Nigeria as the fallout from the opening-up occasioned by the return to democratic rule after a very long period of military rule, during which feelings were bottled up. With the democratic opening, the space had existed for these pent-up feelings to come to the fore, often leading to clashes among the various groups inhabiting Nigeria. The paper there fore, examines this violence and recommends that good democratic governance should be put in place with adequate conduct of free and fair elections.
Pörsel, Christine, Arnold Bergstraesser Institute for Socio-Cultural Research, University of Freiburg (Windausstr. 16; D-79110 Freiburg): c.poersel@web.de
Tradition and modernity – Distinct images of the Bakgatla-ba-Kgafela in the borderlands of Southern Africa
Abstract
The remarkable resilience of chiefs and their role in the legal and institutional pluralism challenges the Southern African state in various contexts – reaching from the local up to the national level and even straddling existing borders in the region. Their integration has not only affected governance and jurisdiction in the individual countries but has also left a lasting imprint on traditional communities and institutions. As a consequence of colonisation and migration in Southern Africa, many chiefdoms are nowadays located in the borderlands and consequently, different parts of tribal entities had to adapt to various social environments, legal frameworks and institutional set-ups. This paper focuses on the situation of the Bakgatla-ba-Kgafela in Botswana and South Africa who have become a divided chiefdom in the 19th century when parts of the tribe resettled in contemporary Botswana. On the basis of case studies in both countries, the research addresses the historical, political and socio-economic factors as well as the legal environment which have had a major impact on the development and role of traditional institutions. The Bakgatla-ba-Kgafela function as an important example to illustrate the impact of blending tradition and modernity in traditional communities by adopting concepts of strategic adaptation, modernisation and retraditionalisation. To secure influence, legitimacy and relevance at local level, the Bakgatla-ba-Kgafela in Botswana and the Bakgatla-ba-Kgafela in South Africa have chosen two opposing strategies with different outcomes in recent years which will be presented and discussed in this paper.
SHOGUNLE, NATHANIEL OLUWASEYI (PhD) DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES, OLABISI ONABANJO UNIVERSITY, AGO IWOYE, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA: seyishogunle@yahoo.com
DEMOCRACY AND THE DIALECTICS OF DEVELOPMENT: THE NIGERIA EXPERIENCE
Abstract
Democracy has come to assume a new aura of significance in contemporary world affairs. Democracy is perceived to enhance good governance, transparency, development and indeed the pursuit of an egalitarian society. Inspite of its widespread, there exist difficulties in adopting and translating its holistic values into the framework of sustainable development in most parts of Africa, more so in Nigeria. This could be attributed to many factors, which include poor development of democratic institutions, corruption, ideological confusion, imposition and 'selection' instead of election, monetization of electoral processes, etc. This situation bedeviling African democracy has left a vacuum in the Continent with regard to development. While some countries of Africa (Botswana, and very few others) have witnessed commendable success in the practice of democracy, the overall scenario is one of dismal failure in Nigeria. After more than fifty years of independence from the British colony, the scenario in the country remains disappointing. Democracy is totally misinterpreted, and it is wrongly practiced in the country. Democracy ought to guarantee regular free and fair elections; accountability of the State's administrative organs; equal rights and participation of the local citizens in the formulation of and implementation of development plans, and as well, guarantee security to the entire populace. Therefore, this paper seeks to establish a working relationship between democracy and sustainable development in the context of national development, with particular reference to Nigeria by examining some current strategies adopted by Nigeria for development and then propose strategies for achieving sustainable development in the country.
Shuaib, Shadiat Olapeju, Department of the Performing Arts, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria: posadgem@gmail.com
The Socio-Cultural Significance of Costume and Make-Up in Danbata Marriage Ceremony of Hausa- Fulani, in Northern Nigeria
Abstract
Generally, the concept of marriage can be assumed to be a legally or socially sanctioned union between two people usually regulated by laws, customs and practices peculiar to a particular, culture, society and nation. To this extent, over the years, marriage institution has become a cogent podium for cultural identity, cultural propagation and cultural diffusion in many societies of the world. In Northern Nigeria for instance, among the Hausa-Fulani people of Kano state, traditional Danbata wedding ceremony has been identified and established as robust platform for exhibiting and transmitting the rich cultural values of the Hausa-Fulani heritage to other ethnic groups in Kano state and beyond. It is against this backdrop that this paper examines the socio-cultural significance of the colourful costume and make-up designs adorned on the bodies of the brides, grooms, friends and family members in the highlighted conjugal celebration. The methodology adopted for this study is both descriptive and exploratory. It is however discovered that costume and make-up in the aforementioned wedding ceremony are not only employed for portraying the roles of all the participants within the fulbe Girei culture, but also, for the integration, propagation, preservation and transmission of the rich cultural History of the Hausa-Fulani people of Northern Nigeria from one generation to another.
Stapleton, Tim Prof., Department of History, Trent University, Canada tstapleton@trentu.ca
Game Keepers and Counter-Insurgency in Late Colonial Africa
Abstract
In South Africa, a retired apartheid era general was recently appointed to direct anti-poaching operations in the Kruger National Park where veterans of the apartheid wars of the 1970s and 1980s work as private contractors to train young rangers in military patrol methods. This is one of the latest developments in a trend over the past few decades in which African states have mounted increasingly aggressive para-military campaigns against poachers who threaten endangered species such as elephants and rhinos in protected national parks. In some countries a "shoot-on-sight" policy has created a wartime atmosphere in national parks in which poachers, often motivated by dire poverty, are seen as enemies lacking basic legal protection. This has led to some controversy over what should represent the correct balance between human rights and environmental conservation. While the colonial and military origins of Africa's conservation institutions have been generally identified, there has never been a detailed examination of the role of colonial game keepers in warfare during the decolonization era and how these experiences carried over into the post-colonial state. This paper explores how the pioneering generation of African game rangers and wardens influenced the prosecution of counter-insurgency campaigns during the Mau Mau Emergency in Kenya during the 1950s and the Rhodesian Bush War/Zimbabwean Liberation War of the late 1960s and 1970s. Furthermore, it will look at how these experiences informed later military style anti-poaching operations in post-colonial Kenya and Zimbabwe as well as other African countries.
Suleiman, Joseph, Department of General Studies, Federal College of Education
Okene, Kogi State: suleimanjoseph@yahoo.com; josephsuleiman8@gmail.com
YOUTH AS A FACTOR IN THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL STABILITY OF A NATION: EBIRA PEOPLE OF KOGI STATE IN FOCUS
Abstract
In the last decade Ebiraland had experienced one conflict after another. Those internal conflicts left in their trail serous instability in the socio-economic life of the people. In our effort to reverse this negative trend, youth represent an important stakeholder in this project. They are not only the future of Ebiraland, but a vital factor and indispensable resources needed to stabilize the society for socio-economic growth. And if they must become useful resources in the Ebira project, they must be properly oriented and galvanized to take their rightful place in our search for rebirth. The reality on the ground however, showed that an average Ebira youth is disoriented, unskilled, unimaginative, lazy and unfocussed. These have far reaching implications for the stability of our society. This paper discusses the causes of socio-economic instability in Ebiraland, identifying political misadventure and the failure of leadership as major causes of instability among others. The paper suggests strategies for engineering socio-economic stability and challenges the youth to generate ideas that will lead to a glorious rebirth of Ebira nation.
Tau, Sabatho Frans, Tshwane University of Tchnology, Manganeng, sabathotau@yahoo.com
Traditional and Cultural practices in South Africa: Reconciling Human Rights and Culture: a case of Ukuthwala
Abstract
Culture practices in South Africa have been a way of life and were also used as an ethnic identity. Even before the arrival of the Europeans in South Africa, there were culture practices and norms. Europeans also did bring their culture practices that see the South African culture practices as evil and criminal. South Africa is a country of many cultures, and its multicultural nature is reflected in its array of languages, races, religions and ethnic communities. Therefore, the researcher in this paper will focus on Ukuthwala as culture practice popularly known in the Nguni group. Although other ethnic groupings do have their Ukuthwala culture practices which will be briefly explained. Ukuthwala is a process where a man takes (girl) a wife thought abduction, with the assistance of two or more friends to forcefully carry the girl to the man's home, and in the following morning, a group of men is sent to the girl's home to let the girl's father know that his daughter is in their care and further indicates how many heads of cattle they are willing to put upfront as a token showing the intention of marrying the girl. The methodology followed in this paper is Qualitative method with the use of the following unstructured and open-ended set of five questions to be answered by the indentified respondents. The questions are, what is Ukuthwala according to your understanding? Are there any young women you know who got married through Ukuthwala? How do you feel about Ukuthwala? Do you think Ukuthwala should continue to be practiced? So you think Ukuthwala must be punishable by law? In trying to reconcile culture practices and Human Rights, the researcher will focus more on the provisions of the Constitution 108 of 1996 and other pieces of legislation related to Ukuthwala as the major part of discussion.
Tsoeu-Ntokoane, Seroala Political and Administrative Studies, National University of Lesotho, sr.tsoeu@nul.ls or stsoeu@gmail.com
Politics of Constitutionalism and Performance of Chapter 9 Institutions in South Africa
Abstract
The paper discusses the performance of selected chapter 9 institutions within the wider lens of politics of constitutionalism in South Africa. Empowered by the country's supreme law, the chapter 9 institutions are essential elements of the country's rights infused constitutional democracy. The paper evaluates the discourses on the performance of: the South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC), the Commission for Gender Equality (CGE) and the Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities (CRCRL). The paper undertakes thematic analysis of the policy legal framework of these institutions, independence and accountability issues in their operation, human resources issues of appointments and membership, effectiveness of the Chapter 9 institutions and their interactions with the civil society. Generally, Chapter 9 institutions seem to be underutilised, their performance underwhelming, and the support they get from government little at best. The main explanation for their troubles is internal technical difficulties and vagaries of a one party dominant political system in South Africa. Logically capacitating them may seem to be a panacea for their problems. Government does have to spend more money on them so as to enable them to function, let them hire timeously the right people for the job and generally not interfere in their work. However, there has to be political will to support and respect the work these institutions do on a continuous basis. Also these institutions have to perform, they have to actually do the job for which they were created, they should strive to be accessible and public support of their function will naturally follow. The paper recommends that to generate public demand for democracy and good governance, continuous national civic education in order to expand on the cognitive political dexterity of the citizenry is key.
Ukavwe, Henry Ovwigho (Ph.D), Department of General Studies, Plateau State University, Bokkos, Plateau State:: henryukavwe@gmail.com
DEVELOPMENT IN AN AFRICAN CONTEXT: THE ROLE OF CULTURE AND INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM
Abstract
This paper seeks to establish that the quest for the development of Africa is wrongly pitched on foreign or alien culture and knowledge-base. The question of development poses a serious challenge in Africa and the different theories or strategies of development available were formulated around alien orientations. And so, these strategies have not only failed to attain development in Africa but have also rendered the quest for the development of Africa as 'a journey without a map.' The paper further emphasizes the significance of African culture and indigenous knowledge system and argues that the quest for the development of Africa must be oriented around them. Thus, it argues that it would be unrealistic and pernicious to undermine the structural and normative conditions that are natural to the Africans, and as such, development theories and agendas must be rooted in African cultural values. Based on this thinking, the paper argues for the imperative to adopt a development plan that is rooted in African indigenous knowledge system so as to develop African models of cultural and artistic development. For this reason, the paper makes a case for the formulation of an indigenous theoretical construct for the development of Africa arguing that it is only then that the rigour of theoretical analysis can translate to practical relevance. The paper submits that a genuine development agenda for Africa must be founded upon the patterns of African knowledge system and civilization.
Van der Merwe, Ria, University of Pretoria Archives, University of Pretoria: ria.vandermerwe@up.ac.za
Democratising the South African "memory bank": embroidering black women's voices on the archival canvas
Abstract
In the wake of the democratisation of South African society, a number of community craft projects have been initiated in formerly marginalised areas, claiming to document the lives of the black female participants and therefore serve as an archive for these communities. The establishment of community archives has been seen as an active response and challenge to the paucity of records in official archives that pertain to marginalised individuals or social groups. However, these community craft projects are not without criticism. The focus on the economic dimension aligns projects such as these to that of community development and begs the question whether they can be considered community archives. Craft projects are often established and managed by a white person, who is an outsider, prompting some critics to feel that these projects equate to a continuation of colonialist paternalism. This paper aims to discuss the possibility of these community craft projects to serve as an archive for the community and will endeavour to address the criticism lodged against these projects, using as a relevant and practical example the embroidered story cloths produced by the Mogalakwena Craft Art Development Foundation (MCADF). Founded in an effort to alleviate poverty in this community, this project has grown into an archive within a previously marginalised community, which can provide black women with an opportunity to document their own lives.
Weiss, Ben, The University of Texas at Austin, History Graduate Program, Austin, Texas 78705, USA: benweiss13@gmail.com
Structural Adjustment: The Zambian Copper Crisis and its Implications for Western Management of Medicalized Bodies
Abstract:
Like many African nations, newly independent Zambia had great potential. In particular, this new nation had access to one of the world's largest copper supplies. International economic conditions were conducive to the profitable sale of this resource in the 1960s. However, only a decade after independence, the price of copper plummeted and the Zambian economy fell in turn. Since then, the 1970s and 1980s saw extensive interaction between Zambia and the World Bank, IMF, and China in efforts to curtail the effects of a Zambian financial and debt crisis. My research evaluates this period in Zambian developmental history by contextualizing it in two ways. First, I seat post copper crash Zambian policymaking in within the proliferation of neoliberal ideology. This movement emphasized lending and relief structures which conditioned financial support in the developing and underdeveloped world on the reproduction of Westernized liberal growth models. While critiques of neoliberal financial structures are not novel, this work makes a secondary move largely unexamined in the topic literature. My second approach links the crash in copper pricing, Zambian management of domestic medical infrastructure, and the ways in which the World Bank and the IMF became directly involved in Zambia's medical sector. Through this, I merge together two different developmental literatures into a cohesive narrative. Finally, I place this analysis in dialogue with various postcolonial medical literatures in order to foster a connection between the power exercised through the global economy, the domestic medical sphere, and ultimately, upon the bodies and lives of Zambians.
No comments:
Post a Comment