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Dr. Bitrus Paul Gwamna
From: 'femi ojo' via Naijanet [mailto:naijanet@googlegroups.
com ]
Sent: Saturday, November 25, 2017 7:05 PM
To: Naijanet Google <naijanet@googlegroups.com>
Subject: [Naijanet] HOW DO UNIVERSITIES THAT CAN HARDLY RUN UNDERGRADUATE PRACTICALS ENGAGE IN RESEARCH ?
How do universities that can hardly run undergraduate practicals engage in research?
Posted By: Biodun Jeyifo On: November 26, 2017 November 25, 2017 In: Biodun Jeyifo
Quite often, I get responses to the contents of this column through emails sent to me by readers. For the most part, these emails are positive, they are complementary. But sometimes, I do get emails that take me to task either for the views that I express and the positions that I take or for the arguments and the premises undergirding the views and positions. Interestingly, some of such emails are also complementary, mixing praise with critique. When the criticism is of the positions taken or views expressed by me, I am content to note and acknowledge difference and diversity of opinion as a fundamental aspect of public discourse. But when the critique pertains to basic premises, I sit up and pay attention. This is exactly what is involved in this week's piece: many people wrote me questioning, even faulting the basic premise of last week's column. What was this premise?
Well, it is the contention that as deep and wide as educational decay has become in the tertiary level of education in our country, it is the universities themselves, it is the professoriate that can and must effect the desperately needed reform and restitution. Invoking the popular adage of physician, heal thyself, I argued that without the universities themselves leading the effort, external agents like government, employers of labour and organizations of parents and guardians cannot even begin to make the slightest dent on the almost impregnable edifice of decay in our institutions of higher learning. To some who wrote me on this wrote me, this premise is mistaken, wrongheaded: the decay, the corruption in our universities is so vast, so systemic that reform cannot and will not come from our universities themselves. To give the reader a sense of just how radical and unrestrained this critique was expressed, permit me to quote at some length from one of the emails that I received:
"The process of decay in our universities has been long, sustained and nurtured to the point where it has morphed into being systemic. The "employers" in the universities, the Governing Councils, are populated by political jobbers and 'professors' who in the main are made by fraudulent Vice-Chancellors of vices. The choice of Council members lacking in integrity, has been hallmarked by political jobbers whose see universities as cash cows to be milked for personal gain. What are we to make of a situation where, rather than the users of equipment that are trained in its usage overseeing their purchase through competitive bidding and directly from the manufacturers, a monumentally ignorant state interposes itself strictly for the purpose of stealing, without regard for the purpose for which the equipment is meant? The result – inappropriate equipment; equipment with missing components; equipment without the space in which to place them.
In the main, the professoriate is populated by people who have cheated their way to the top. In the empirical sciences in particular, where electricity, water and the laboratory – a basic space for infrastructural support for experimentation – do not exist, the question arises as to where the "experimentation" on which publications are premised was done. How do universities that can hardly run undergraduate practicals engage in research? So, we have a vast number of lecturers who are products of non-empiricism who are reproducing themselves through no fault of theirs but what the system has made of them. It is common practice now for lecturers to provide their writing materials. And graduate students – the future of the profession – are saddled with astronomical fees in decrepit conditions. Moreover, they are compelled to provide the wherewithal for their research and are compelled to implement them out-of-house rather than in-house, lacking in direct supervision and regular research group discussions that research entails. The list goes on and on and on. In Nigeria, the university has become a cesspool."
It is important to underscore the fact that the person who forwarded these sobering observations on the state of decay in our universities to me is himself a senior university don. I say this is important because both his general observations and the conclusion that he draws from them are commonly known in our universities. In other words, there is widespread knowledge in the universities themselves of the fact that things are very bad, that indeed things are so bad in virtually all our universities as a system that something desperate, something unprecedented ought to be done. Indeed, to drive home this point, permit me to quite from another "witness" on just how vast is the state of corruption in the academic vocation in our country, a "witness" who is a highly respected emeritus professor in one of our first-generation universities:
"I personally know of the case of a former student of mine who moved from lecturer to professor the same year by tactically shopping around and moving from one university to the other until arriving at his destination of professorship. This has been made possible by the ballooning number of universities without corresponding planning for staffing them. I know of a case of a young lecturer in a hard area of computer science applying for a job of senior lecturer in another university. As soon as he got it and without even assuming the position, made a bid as in an auction or in a market for a higher post in another university and got appointed a professor. There are professors and there are professors of course! This academic title has become like chieftainship title in the usual bad tradition in Nigeria." [Jide Osuntokun, "Quality Assurance in Varsities: Umudike Example", The Nation, October 26, 2017]
To get to the heart of the issues that I am exploring in this piece, I ask the reader to please note that the title of Emeritus Professor Osuntokun's article in The Nation of October 26 hinges on the words, "Quality Assurance". This implies that as much as Osuntokun recognizes the scope and the depth of decay in the system, he still feels that reforms can and should be implemented. Indeed, towards the end of his article – which I encourage all who are truly interested in these profoundly troubling issues to go and read – Osuntokun gives some suggestions as to how the process of restitution, of cleaning up can be started. I can confirm that, in my opinion, they are thoughtful, sound suggestions. But unfortunately, that is not the end of the story. Why? Simply this: the cesspool cannot clean itself. Of course, one could in response say that "cesspools are not people, they are not human subjects with agency; human beings who live in or around cesspools can and do often drain the swamp and clear up the gargantuan mess". But then, there is the riposte to this revisionism and it is this: if those living, breathing and thriving in the cesspool are in the majority, are in control, the chances of cleaning up the cesspool are bleak. This is the thesis, the dilemma posed to me by the email from the senior colleague from whose text I quoted first before quoting from the article by Osuntokun.
It is perhaps necessary at this point in the discussion to render the dilemma that I am discussing in this essay in very concrete terms. Thus, I ask the reader to think of the implications of the question indicated in the title of this piece: How do universities that can hardly run undergraduate practicals engage in research? The answer of course is simple and devastating: universities in which the conditions for basic undergraduate instruction are non-existent cannot engage in research, period. But we all know that our universities are claiming to be doing research, they are awarding Ph D's in all the disciplines. Things are so seemingly hopelessly skewed that even new, private universities that lack the basic human and infrastructural necessities for high school instruction are awarding Ph D's, the ultimate research degree in the modern university. To get a sense of just how deep and wide this particular stretch of the drain is, think, dear reader, of the fact that a large segment of the professoriate in our universities were produced and are still being produced by and through this tragic malformation of the universal traditions of higher learning in our country.
To make the implications of the central issue in this discussion more concrete, more inescapable, I ask the following question that is posited in response to Emeritus Professor Osuntokun's sound suggestions for safeguarding and sustaining quality assurance in our universities: What do we do, concretely, about all the worthless Ph D's that have been produced and are still being produced in our universities? And the "professors" who produced and are still producing them, what do we do about them? That is the question and anyone who claims that she or he has a simple and realistic solution to the question is self-deceived. This was the thought in my mind when, in last week's piece in this column, I asserted that like what Governor Nassir El Rufai did in Kaduna State to primary school teachers, no one can simply go to the universities, conduct a simple test or examination to expose fake lecturers and professors and give them the boot. If this is the case, does that mean that we can do nothing at all about the vastly diseased and festering situation? The answer to this question, I declared last week, is "No". We cannot and must not reconcile ourselves to the prevailing very dire, very tragic situation. Listen, once again, to what Osuntokun says of the professoriate in our universities today: "There are professors and there are professors of course! This academic title has become like chieftainship title in the usual bad tradition in Nigeria."
The one thing that brings all these unhappy matters to a head is the subjective, human dimension of academic decay in our society: the men and women who produce worthless Ph D's are not worthless human beings; the generational cohorts of thousands of young graduates from our universities that employers of labour have routinely and consistently found "unemployable" are not worthless human beings; the dozens of hundreds of professors whose professorships are little better than the "professorship" of the magician, Professor Peller, are not worthless human beings. No human individual or group comes into the world worthless, even the most physically disabled; people are made worthless by the order or scheme of things organizing their individual and collective existence. And any solutions that we come up with must start from the basic presumption that, baring congenital mental defects, every human being is not only educable but is entitled to good and relevant education. I learnt all these things mostly from decades as a teacher in the academy, at home and abroad, but primarily from the invaluable experience of having once served as the National President of ASUU. I had this fact in mind when I wrote last week that solutions to the vast, surfeited decay in our university system can be found in our universities themselves. Permit me to bring the discussion to an end by giving a short elaboration on this point.
For over two decades now, ASUU's leadership has been proposing solutions to the small and the great, the local and the general problems besetting our universities. Indeed, in December 2014, I was privileged to serve as the Chairman of a National Educational Summit (NES) organized by ASUU and the other unions in our universities. It is immensely gratifying to state that this NES focused on problems internal to the good running, the rescue of relevant and qualitative education in our universities and polytechnics. And beside ASUU itself as an organization, there are many individual academics in Nigeria who have reflected deep and wide on the problems, the challenges. Taken together, these factors were responsible for the premise of my article in last week's column. What was this premise? Even with the depth of the decay that we see in them, the universities themselves can and must play a crucial role in the rescue of our universities from the morass of mediocrity, decay and redundancy into which, heaven help us, they are sinking.
Biodun Jeyifo
bjeyifo@fas.harvard.ed
Buhari's new warfront of battle against educational decay: some lessons from his stalled war on corruption
Posted By: Biodun Jeyifo On: November 19, 2017 November 18, 2017 In: Biodun Jeyifo
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The thing caught in Nte's trap is bigger than Nte – Chinua Achebe, Arrow of God
By far the biggest news out of Abuja this past week is easily the special retreat on education by President Buhari and his cabinet. Controversially, Mallam Nassir El Rufai, the Governor of Kaduna State, had sacked hundreds of primary schoolteachers for gross incompetency and in the aftermath of the crisis caused by this action, Buhari not only lent his support to El Rufai, he also indicated that the problem applied far beyond Kaduna State to the whole nation and its primary and secondary educational sectors and required an appropriate response from his administration, the first expression of which was the retreat. And to start off the retreat, Buhari gave a speech to his ministers that will surely strike many as being on the same level of seriousness and perspicacity as the speeches he gave early in the life of his administration on the need for a total war against corruption. Obviously, this was why the speech was released to the public and published in full at the same time that the occurrence of the retreat was made known to the nation.
Obviously then, the president intends this to be another battle, another warfront. Definitely, this view has been expressed by the first set of commentators on the president's educational retreat speech. Considering this fact, I suggest that if indeed this is another warfront of the president and his administration, it is both logical and necessary for us to apply some lessons from Buhari and the APC's stalled war on corruption to this new theatre of war that is a battle against educational decay in our country. This is the subject of this piece and to argue my case, I will identify three lessons from mistakes committed in the ongoing war against corruption that, in my opinion, should be applied to this new battle front if the mistakes and their effects are not to be repeated. What are these effects? Bitter disappointments, crippling reversals of expectations and the dashing of hopes of millions of our peoples.
To go directly into the discussion in this piece, permit me to briefly identify the three lessons from the mistakes on the war on corruption that I have hinted before getting into a full or suggestive elaboration of each of the lessons. First then, there is the question of the complete misdiagnosis of the spread of the cancer of corruption in our country by Buhari and his administration. Cancer may be cancer, but some cancers are more virulent, more widely spread than others. For instance, it is known that in comparison with the deadly virulence of cancers of the pancreas and the colon, cancer of the prostate is relatively benign, especially when caught early. The Buhari administration, we now know, went after the cancer of corruption as if it was one of the milder and etiologically more benign cancers, only to find out, hopefully not too late, that it was dealing with the mother of all cancers.
The second lesson is no less serious and portentous, it being the grievous lack of training and experience of the surgeons and physicians that Buhari deployed against the cancer of corruption. To push our medical analogies further, this is very much like placing a cancer patient under the supervisory expertise of a physician whose specialty is either cosmetic surgery or dentistry. The worst expression of this error is – Buhari himself, followed closely by his Minister of Justice and Attorney General of the Federation, Abubakar Malami. For readers who might think that this is too harsh, too intemperate and unfair to the President and the AGF, please consider the fact that in the last two years, we have been treated to the spectacle of a president and his chief law officer who are so ill-prepared, so arrogantly unfit for the tasks they set themselves in the war against corruption that they have been completely incapable of learning from their mistakes, the ultimate proof of which is – Mainagate. Yes, the President did appoint a Presidential Advisory Committee Against Corruption (PACAC) and placed it under the direction of Professor Itse Sagay whose ability, competence and dedication are unquestionable, but when the superintending physicians themselves are of the order of cosmetic surgeons, there odds are already stacked against the survival of the patient.
Thirdly and finally, there is the error, the blindness of excluding the participation of the actual and potential victims of the deadly cancer of corruption – the Nigerian peoples in their millions in every part of the land – in the healing, curative process. Here, we must admit the relative complicity of the patients, the Nigerian peoples themselves, in their exclusion from participation in the battle against the cancer of corruption. True, collective anti-corruption coalitions like SERAP have been commendable in their active support of the administration's war against corruption, but their efforts have not been sufficient enough to make too much of a difference. And to be completely candid on this point, I do not think their strategy and tactics have been well-tuned enough to mobilize the Nigerian masses to claim and own the war against corruption. And indeed, on this point, I cannot but extend this critique to myself: far away in Cambridge, Massachusetts for the larger part of the year and confined mostly to the page of this column as an index of my "participation", how much have I myself contributed to the efforts to bring the masses into the war against corruption?
With regard to the applicability of lesson number one to the new front of a war against educational decay in our country, think of the fact that it is a fundamental misdiagnosis of the problem not to see that the alarming mediocrity that has been identified in teachers in primary and secondary schools exists also in the universities and polytechnics at the tertiary level of our educational system. In other words, who can deny that the cancer of educational decay has spread very wide and has infected all the levels and gradations of our educational order?
As a matter of fact, I would argue that the cancer started at the top of the system in the universities, polytechnics and colleges of education and from there moved to the midsections in the secondary schools, going from there to the primary schools. Of course, each level has its own peculiarities, its own manifestations of the malady. Let me be very precise on this crucial point: certified but barely literate teachers are more easily detected in primary schools than in universities, but can we not see that lecturers and professors that produce certified university graduates, many of them with first class degrees, that are deemed "unemployable", are in the same rut as the teachers sacked by the Kaduna State Governor? But can mediocre and unqualified lecturers and professors be as easily exposed as mediocre teachers of primary and secondary schools? The answer is a definite and resounding no. But does this mean that they cannot and should never be exposed? Again, the answer is no on both counts. A state governor, the Federal Minister of Education or for that matter, the President himself – none of them can simply descend on a state or federal university, administer simple tests to lecturers and professors to expose the mediocrities among them and proceed to give them the boot. This cannot, and will not, and should not happen. But something must happen, compatriots! In these extremely difficult questions we see the need to avoid the misdiagnosis that has haunted and undermined Buhari and the APC's war on corruption.
The preceding point leads us directly to the second lesson from the mistakes of the war on corruption – the error of placing a cancer patient under the "skill" of a dentist or cosmetic surgeon. Let me be direct and unambiguous, almost to the point of bluntness here: ministers and bureaucrats, and even the president himself, cannot, on their own, identify and deal with the grave intellectual and qualitative shortcomings in our tertiary institutions. Primarily, the task, the burden must fall on the lecturers and professors themselves. But can they and will they do what is right, what is necessary? My answer to this question is a qualified yes. I base this partly on my experience of having taught in two major Nigerian universities and partly on my having once served as the National President of ASUU (1980-82). Physician, heal thyself! This famous adage has for a long time, silently and subliminally, been operative in the Nigerian university system. The number of workshops, the number of conferences and seminars that have been held on the topic is quite literally staggering. Of course, not all the findings, not all the deliberations and reports will be found useful, but there is no doubt at all that this treasure trove can be a starting basis for deciding how best to take on the challenge of eradicating decay and mediocrity from our tertiary educational system.
Let me remind the reader of the third lesson from the mistakes of the war on corruption: not excluding the Nigerian peoples, the Nigerian masses, from active participation, indeed active "ownership" of the healing, corrective, transformative process. Luckily, in any meaningful and concerted war against educational decay in our country, a whole range of stakeholders and interested parties can be counted upon to wade in mightily if they are asked, if they are mobilized to do so: parents and guardians; teachers and counsellors; would-be employers and non-governmental organizations. Parents who save all their earnings to send their children to universities abroad would be profoundly gratified if the quality of instruction and learning available in our universities rise to match and perhaps even outpace what is available in Ghana or South Africa. And who knows but it might come to pass that, as it once was in this country, some or many Nigerian universities might become magnets for attracting and retaining foreign students and lecturers?
Above all else, it is the lesson of misdiagnosis that I deem pivotal. Until I am proved wrong, I doubt that the Buhari administration and the APC as a ruling party are aware of the existence of this particular problem. This is why for the epigraph to this piece, I have the quotation from Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God: "The thing caught by Nte's trap is bigger than Nte". Here is an explanation for this quote in the context of the discussion in this essay: Nte's trap was designed and built for small game that he can handle, that he can easily take possession of from his trap. His trap was not designed and built for animals and game that are bigger than himself, that he cannot not handle. If Nte is wise, he will run to his community and seek help in how to master the unprecedented size and scope of the kill in his trap. If, on the other hand, Nte is unwise and selfishly wary of sharing what his trap has caught with his neighbors, he will act alone; and he will act according to how he has always acted. Governor Nasir El Rufai is the Nte No 1 of the parable. Buhari has picked up the gauntlet from the Kaduna State Governor; he is Nte No 2. Well, at least so far. Let us hope that they will learn from the mistakes of the war on corruption as they embark on the battles ahead in this new front of the battle against rotten, decaying education.
Quality assurance in varsities: Umudike example
Posted By: Jide Osuntokun On: October 26, 2017October 25, 2017 In: Jide Osuntokun
0The news that 28 professors at the Michael Okpara Federal University of Agriculture in Umudike were demoted came as shock and a surprise to me as a retired university professor. Things have definitely changed in the university system in Nigeria. This watering down of standards was recently underscored when JAMB lowered admission scores into universities to 120 out of a total of 400 marks. Thank God this ridiculous admission policy was roundly condemned by the universities themselves and by parents who felt standards should be higher in the interest of academic integrity of the universities. What apparently happened in Michael Okpara Federal University of Agriculture was that 28 people who were either promoted or appointed professors were deemed unqualified by a committee of joint Senate and Council and were therefore demoted to either Readers (Associate Professors) Senior lecturers or lecturers grade one! How could this have happened in a university that has been in existence for at least two decades or so? Was there no Appointments and Promotions Committee (APC) which meets to do a final approval of an assessment and interview process when presumably papers of potential professors would have been sent out to senior professors who are experts in the fields of candidates being considered for appointments or promotions? In the old days when the university system in Nigeria was small, papers were always sent to the IUC ( inter university council) which was an outfit of the Association of Commonwealth universities (ACU) for assistance in sending papers to experts located in several commonwealth universities. All universities in the commonwealth were members of the ACU. It was therefore axiomatic that a professor in one university, say Ibadan would be accepted as professor in any Commonwealth university either on sabbatical leave or for regular appointment. The hallmark of a good university was the international make up of its staff. All this has of course changed. We do not have the money to recruit international staff anymore because a British university professor for example earns £100,000 per year which is about N50 million. Recently, the British government issued a warning to British universities vice chancellors to defend their salaries of £150,000 per year and this is about N75 million. Vice chancellors in Nigerian universities earn N12 million per year while their professor colleagues earn lower than half of that. The point I am trying to make is that it appears that people are being made professors because of the salaries attached to the category or class of appointees and not as a mark of academic distinction and excellence.
Having said this, it is still puzzling to me why somebody who is a lecturer grade one would be appointed a professor. An extremely brilliant person could be promoted from senior lecturer to professor, but even then, his papers would have to have been assessed by external assessors suggested by his head of department or Dean of his or her faculty or college to guide the vice chancellor who will make the final decision about the external assessor. In all this process, anonymity of the external assessor is the rule rather than the exception. In extremely rare and exceptional cases, the number of years as teacher may not be relevant in appointing a person a professor.
In the case of Michael Okpara Federal University of Agriculture, the vice chancellor and the council stand condemned and indicted and should be removed immediately if they are still in office. I am sure this travesty of the system is not limited to the university alone; the practice pervades the entire university system especially the new federal universities and some of their state counterparts. It is also a reflection of the low academic calibre of some of these vice chancellors. In the rush to establish federal universities, assistant professors (lecturers) from some American universities and senior lecturers from existing Nigerian universities were appointed vice chancellors. These unqualified people's first action as vice chancellors was to promote themselves as professors and after doing this, they had no moral right to deny promotion to their academic colleagues and friends. I personally know of a case of a former student of mine who moved from lecturer to professor the same year by tactically shopping around and moving from one university to the other until arriving at his destination of professorship. This has been made possible by the ballooning number of universities without corresponding planning for staffing them. I know of a case of a young lecturer in a hard area of computer science applying for a job of senior lecturer in another university. As soon as he got it and without even assuming the position, made a bid as in an auction or in a market for a higher post in another university and got appointed a professor. There are professors and there are professors of course! This academic title has become like chieftainship title in the usual bad tradition in Nigeria. Academic trade unionists also sometimes blackmail their vice chancellors to make them professors and many weak vice chancellors have surrendered to these people by manipulating the appointments process to bastardize the system. If we are to be honest with ourselves, there is a systemic problem in Nigerian universities. First of all the crowding of the university system by the new mushrooms of federal universities and their private counterparts has led to too many unqualified people masquerading as academics in our universities. Any professor who is neither known by colleagues here at home and abroad is not fit to parade himself as a professor unless of course he is a band leader of one our musical groups! The calibre of people being made vice chancellors should be looked into because academic leadership in a university can only be provided by a true academic who knows his onions. Respect for academic excellence can only emanate from a boss who has gone through the academic grill and not from an academic parvenu or upstart who came to his or her position through political jobbery. The council of any university is crucial to maintaining academic integrity. A situation where failed politicians or any politician at all are routinely appointed pro chancellors and chairmen of councils does not augur well for the future. These buccaneers do not belong to universities because to them public office is for material exploitation and self-aggrandizement. Governments at state and federal levels must find other ways of compensating their colleagues after elections. There are several knowledgeable retired academics who can bring their experience to bear on supervising the universities and maintaining oversight responsibility for the good of the universities. There should be a stop to further licensing of new universities by the NUC. The more universities are established, the downward spiral the universities will experience in its academic integrity.
Most universities in the country have units of Quality Assurance charged with ensuring academic offering in terms of good teaching and laboratory supervision of students as well as ensuring that lecturers go to their classes to teach. The unit also ensures the integrity of examinations and fairness in assessments. All this is good but any academic who has to be monitored to do what is necessary by my own book does not belong in the university system. What this Quality Assurance should also do is check the academic claims and certificates of those who are teaching. It will surprise us what we would find. In 1979 when I was director of the NUC office in Washington D.C, we found two members of staff in the Department of Business Administration in University of Lagos who falsely claimed they had PhD. from an American university. On investigation we found out that the so-called university was only a certificate-issuing one room office in California. When confronted with this fact, one of the people involved disappeared into the thin air and we never heard from him again and the other begged to go back to a regular university. I do not know why this latter person got away with this lenient treatment on the grounds that his Masters' degree was genuine why the doctorate degree was fake. He later returned to the university and several years later became professor and head of department!
The situation in Michael Okpara University has exposed the soft underbelly of the Nigerian universities. The federal government can set up independent audit committees of retired professors to look into the appointment and promotion processes of these universities and try to streamline them. The state universities should do the same. The NUC which has spread the joy of university ownership to all and sundry should be empowered to do the same for all private universities. Their reports should be submitted to the various councils of these universities for their implementation. Quality assurance should spread to every aspect of the university system from staff to students in order to remove the stain of low quality staff as well as people holding unmerited positions of academic leadership in our universities. This is the only way to avoid everybody in the universities being tarred with the brush of academic fraud which sadly pervades the entire university system in Nigeria and casting doubt on the quality of academic degrees and certificates awarded by Nigerian universities.
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