My brother, Audu Ogbe, is a graduate of English/French, yet he seems oblivious to the power of words as signifiers and shapers of perception, the ability of phrasing to make or mar a policy or initiative. With the rejection of ranching by Miyetti Allah and the insistence on it by a growing majority of Nigerians, he thought, inexplicably, that he had found a middle ground which would assuage the herdsmen's representatives while simultaneously appeasing communities across the country who desire fenced-in rather than nomadic cattle rearing.
He is an intelligent man and should have known that "colony" is an irredeemably bad word no matter the context in which it is used. It connotes conquest, land theft, and stealthy, often violent, occupation. Whether the word is prefaced by "cattle" or "European," the cognates are the same.
This is semiotics 101, and a graduate of English should know that. Rightly or wrongly, therefore, many Nigerians have voiced suspicions about the minister's proposed cattle colonies. They have ridiculed the term "colony" in online memes, invoking its multiple hegemonic meanings and contexts. They have also pointed out that such colonies could morph into de facto enclaves and communities and create a fait accompli of claims to land and resources, triggering competition and conflict down the road. Or that they could serve as outposts for future expansionist efforts. These are exaggerated fears, of course, but try telling that to those who have been attacked by roving armed herdsmen.
Moreover, at a time when, in the Middle Belt, the rhetoric of internal colonialism, Fulani conquest, and an unfinished Fodian jihad have become a staple of both sincere and mischievous political discourse as herdsmen violence has intensified in the region, how did Ogbe think his "colony" proposal would be received there? Why did he think the people of the areas affected by herdsmen violence would embrace the establishment of such herdsmen "colonies" in their backyards? Even if they are not theoretically opposed to cattle "colonies," wouldn't they naturally see the government's promotion of it as capitulation to the herdsmen, in the same manner that Miyetti Allah irrationally sees ranching as a capitulation to sedentary farming communities?
It is lazy policymaking not to anticipate or preempt the ideological and historical baggage of the central conceptual anchor of a proposed policy. And it is gross insensitivity to advance a term, no matter the merits of the policy it signals, that coincides with and feeds the fears and suspicions of a region whose plight in the hands of armed herdsmen necessitated the policy proposal in the first place.
Words, words words! Much ado about words. I think the thorny issue here is the choice of words. What would any one want to use the word 'colony for in the present context last it be deemed a Freudian slip! Do ministers from the North consult their media advisers before making crucial national statements?
Sent from my Samsung Galaxy smartphone.
-------- Original message --------From: Okey Iheduru <okeyiheduru@gmail.com>Date: 27/01/2018 08:59 (GMT+00:00)To: USAAfrica Dialogue <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com >Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - The Benue Crisis
"...there is no commercial production of hay in Nigeria to feed the animals ..."
Prof. Jibrin Ibrahim:
You -- and indeed all Nigerians -- should be ashamed to make the statement referenced above!
Agric Minister, Audu Ogbe recently said Nigeria has a population of 34.5 million goats, 22.1 million sheep and 13.9 million cattle (Premium Times, June 2, 2016). By your assertion, none of the owners of the 13.9 million cattle (as well as the millions of goats and sheet) have seen the economic potential of investing in hay farming/production. Instead, you insist that 13.9 million cattle must feed on other people's farm--and they must be murdered, if they refuse the cattle their "constitutionally guaranteed freedom of movement"-- because cattle-rearing is the only business in Nigeria, whereas farming is not. The Fulani must never be asked to change, but everyone else must accommodate their archaic transhumance.
In case you haven't seen this, I'd like to invite you to peruse the table below (one of thousands of info out there) and, hopefully, advise your cattle-owning Fulani elite friends to consider investing in hay production -- right now.
Has it also occurred to you that there is more abundant land in the Far North for cattle-rearing than in the Benue-Plateau and the south of Nigeria? Just consider the following factoids:
SAMBISA FOREST
686 square kilometers
6.8 million hectares
68 million plots of 100 feet by 100 feet
At 5 cows per plot, Sambisa Forest can take 340 million cows
340 million cows is 18 times the current number of cows in Nigeria -- huge export potential, bigger than the non-existent oil in Lake Chad.
If you and your friends cannot see the economic potential of investing in hay production (preferably in the Sabisa Forest) , then youhave not told us what exactlyyouare looking for. I can assure you, however, that Nigerians now know. Hence, they are saying a fat "No" to "colonies" -- an odious word and project that they believe disappeared into the night with the lowering of the Union Jack at Tafawa Balewa Square back in 1960.Okey
On Fri, Jan 26, 2018 at 2:13 AM, Jibrin Ibrahim <jibrinibrahim891@gmail.com> wrote:
--Pastoralist/Farmers Crisis in Benue and the Search for Moderation
Jibrin Ibrahim, Friday Column, Daily Trust, 26th January 2018
I spent the weekend in Benue State with a Delegation of the Nigerian Bar Association (NBA), which had gone there on a fact-finding mission for the association. The NBA President A. B. Mahmoud led the mission, with some members of the executive committee and other lawyers. At the stakeholders meeting in Makurdi, the basic narrative of the State Branch Branch of the NBA was that it is a ruse to say that the violence that had been on-going in the State was due to the anti open grazing law passed by the Government last May. We were told that before the said law was enacted; there had been 49 attacks on Benue farming communities by Fulani terrorists engaged on a genocide mission that is coordinated by the Miyetti Allah and its leader, President Muhammadu Buhari. That was the tone of much of the discussions.
President A. B. Mahmoud made a passionate plea for moderation but the atmosphere was highly charged with numerous narratives of massacre, slitting of throats, cutting up stomachs of pregnant women and killing of children. Two psychologists gave testimonies on how the direct victims, especially children and the wider community has been traumatised by the atrocities and that the impact of the trauma is likely to remain for generations. The anger was palpable and some of the participants explained that the killings continue and security agencies have refused to intervene to stop it. What we heard was a clear narrative from a community that is convinced that the Nigerian State and its security agencies were active collaborators in the atrocities that had or were being perpetrated against the people. The crisis had been allowed to fester for too long and minds had been made up.
Some voices explained that they were aware that due to climate change and over-population in the country, Fulani pastoralists had been forced to move southwards with their herd but they were emphatic that there was no land available in Benue State for pastoralism so the only solution was the ranching proposed in the Benue law. Many speakers expressed the sentiment that the Federal Government was trying to seize land and fund the development of the said land for Fulani herders. They decried investment of government funding into pastoralism on the grounds that keeping cattle is a private business. I reminded them that the Buhari Administration has been investing huge amounts of money on the Anchor Borrower's programme to help farmers grow more crops so why not do the same for pastoralists and I was shouted down and told the "real" Buhari plan was one of colonisation and the proof is in Minister Audu Ogbe's insistence on the establishment of cattle colonies. I felt bad at the thoughtless decision of the Minister of Agriculture to talk about the establishment of cattle colonies when narratives of colonisation have already become part of the problem.
I was alarmed to hear Bishops and the leadership of the Christian Association of Nigeria in Benue State expressing the sentiment that they had; "lost confidence in the unity and oneness of Nigeria" and one of them openly said that the way forward was; "to procure arms and free themselves". There was one voice of moderation, a former Attorney General of the State and former Ambassador who explained that there were other countries in Africa who have more cows than Nigeria and they have been successful in managing their pastoralism without excessive conflicts. He blamed the Nigerian crisis to the way in which conflict resolution mechanisms and planning and administering pastoralism have been abandoned.
We visited the two IDP camps in Daudu where 9,865 people were living in terrible conditions without adequate shelter, food and water. We saw a baby born less that 24 hours before our arrival lying on the flour, without clothes and with chicken running around. Clearly, the suffering and misery that followed the January 1-4 2018 attacks on some communities in Benue State had become the last straw that has created conditions for the extreme antagonism that had developed towards Fulani pastoralists in the State. The IDPs described how they were attacked at 10 pm while sleeping as the mayhem started leading to the mass killing that occurred.
The problem with the visit was that there was no one to tell the other side of the story. The Miyetti Allah Association was invited but both the Benue branch of the NBA and the association itself said it was not safe for the Fulani to come into Benue. We did notice that we saw neither pastoralists nor cows in our travels in the State. Given the situation, the NBA has decided to invite the association to its headquarters to hear their own story in the spirit of the principle of fair hearing.
Benue State has of course passed a law banning open grazing. The law specifically prohibits; "pasturing livestock to feed on dry grass, growing grass, shrubs, herbage, farm crops, etc, in open field without any form of restriction". People who rear livestock are required to buy land from the owners of the land to establish ranches. Following acquisition of the land, the new owners are then to apply to the Governor through the Livestock Department for a permit to set up the ranch, upon the annual payment of a permit fee. The permit is only valid for one year and must be renewed each year. It beats the imagination to understand why anyone would invest on the purchase of land to establish a ranch that is valid for only one year. I asked the Attorney General of the State why so little time was allowed before the full implementation of the law and his position was that the six months period before implementation was sufficient. What struck me about the law is that as most farms purchased would not be bid enough to provide sufficient food and water for the animals and there is no commercial production of hay in Nigeria to feed the animals the law has been designed not to create a pathway to settling pastoralists but for sending them out of the State and that is what happened as they all had to move to neighbouring states. As more states adopt similar measures, the pastoralists would be cornered and their cattle might be starved to death. This process is likely to exacerbate rather than solve the crisis.
Nigeria's former Director General of the State Security Service, A. A. Gadzama argued yesterday (Daily Trust, 25/1/2018) that we should not forget that; "The Fulani like every other Nigerian has the right to reside anywhere and move freely in any part of the country. The constitution guarantees them this." He therefore advised that a solution that excludes the other is not the best option. I agree with his core argument that the problem has been the failure of security agencies to stop the wanton killing of Nigerians by herdsmen, I would say criminals, and that the solution is for the said security agencies to do their job and stop the killings and destruction of property. Today, too many communities are convinced that the mission of pastoralists has been transformed from following the green grass to seizing the ancestral lands of some communities. This perception is so widespread that even if it were not true, people who believe it would act on the basis of their belief. The State has a responsibility to show that it is a neutral arbiter that has the duty to protect the lives and property of all Nigerians. As religion and politics have fully entered the equation, confidence building, a lot of dialogue, negotiations and sensitization would be required to put our communities back to the path of problem solving and away from the cycles of reprisal killings.
Professor Jibrin IbrahimSenior FellowCentre for Democracy and Development, AbujaFollow me on twitter @jibrinibrahim17
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