Sent: Tuesday, August 15, 2023 8:52 AM
To: usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - MALI HAS JUST DEFINITIVELY PUT AN END TO ITS DEPENDENCE ON FRANCE
Sent: Monday, August 14, 2023 9:12:23 PM
To: usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - MALI HAS JUST DEFINITIVELY PUT AN END TO ITS DEPENDENCE ON FRANCE
kenneth harrow
professor emeritus
dept of english
michigan state university
517 803-8839
harrow@msu.edu
Sent: Sunday, August 13, 2023 5:52 AM
To: usaafricadialogue <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - MALI HAS JUST DEFINITIVELY PUT AN END TO ITS DEPENDENCE ON FRANCE
A footnote to my last posting. I believe i do appreciate that negative side of neocolonialism that followed upon independence. A lot of it served to keep dictators or ruling elites in power. Rare were any leftist regimes that survived.Things changed enormously from the time of the ideals of 1960. The occasional sankora stood out in opposition to the conservative figures or moderates, like senghor.Bekolo and teno made films about that period, that were humiliating. I remember that clearly.
But now is another age, as mbembe is arguing.A corner appears to be turning.Where will we go? We still have states like equatorial guinea where old fashioned dictatorship and total exploitation of resources obtain; how much better is it in burundi or the drc?Ken
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From: Harrow, Kenneth <harrow@msu.edu>
Sent: Saturday, August 12, 2023 5:03:34 PM
To: usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>; Victor Okafor <vokafor@emich.edu>
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - MALI HAS JUST DEFINITIVELY PUT AN END TO ITS DEPENDENCE ON FRANCEDear kwaku, thanks for the kind words. I think i would want to emphasize my very limited knowledge over the costs and benefits of economic policies. I believe the african nations that joined the cfa system thought it benefitted them. And perhaps now it is no longer the case? I cite the issues of inflation and stability not to suggest that this system is ideal,but because i heard that this was a rationalization, not that i know which choice is ideal. And of course you are right to emphasize the value of autonomy.Freedom is a big word. One could have one's own monetary system and wind up less free than your neighbor who opted to join the larger system.When you write the value of freedom is immeasurable, i agree. But knowing what conditions provide more or less freedom might not be so obvious.Especially if you are a state with little power or wealth in a world where giant powers are duking it out.I remember at one point ahidjo refused a french or american request--maybe it was for a vote. He decided to play it cool betweenthe great powers. And of course somalia played that game for years, as did the sudan.Freedom to me means freedom to make choices, and you can't make a choice unlessyou know the parameters that dictate the conditions of your choiceKen
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From: usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com> on behalf of Mensah, Edward K <dehasnem@uic.edu>
Sent: Friday, August 11, 2023 7:33:30 PM
To: Victor Okafor <vokafor@emich.edu>; usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - MALI HAS JUST DEFINITIVELY PUT AN END TO ITS DEPENDENCE ON FRANCEVictor,
Thanks for forwarding this very important video about France's relationship with its 'former' colonies. The person who should actually see this video is Ken who is a frequent contributor to discussions on this forum.I read and love Ken's contributions. My problem is he fails to understand the negative impacts of the agreements France signed with its colonies before granting independence, from the point of view of the Africans. I am not talking about autarky here. The world is interdependent and will remain so for a long time.
However, scholars like our own Ken keep emphasizing that benefits such as low inflation and stability of the monerary systems have conveyed tremendous benefits on the Francophone compared to countries like Ghana and Nigeria. These later countries have chosen their own paths and continue to make their own mistakes. At least, these are sovereign mistakes from which these countries can learn, granted, they are taking too long to learn. However, let us not forget that the value of freedom is immeasurable.
Kwaku
From: Victor Okafor <vokafor@emich.edu>
Sent: Friday, August 11, 2023 3:07 PM
To: usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>
Cc: Mensah, Edward K <dehasnem@uic.edu>
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - MALI HAS JUST DEFINITIVELY PUT AN END TO ITS DEPENDENCE ON FRANCEWatch this documentary on
"How France Forces These 14 African Countries To Pay For Being Colonized..."
On Wed, Aug 9, 2023 at 11:32 AM Harrow, Kenneth <harrow@msu.edu> wrote:
I cite the cfa since it's a case i know about. I don't know the upside of not having cfa as a currency. I don't really think it is freedom that is in question, but rather an economic decision whose consequences could have negative sides too. For instance, when it was tied to the franc, if the franc fell, so did the cfa. Was it beneficial over the long run? I wonder. Perhaps might compare with the british pound versus the euro when the brits decided not to join the eurozone. Did it help or hurt them?And is the almighty dollar not an international currency for exchange? I've heard that, not sure quite what that means.
What's the point here? I am asking questions that go beyond the surface accusations so as to ask why african states made the decisions they did. If the answer is, the french made them, etc., that becomes too superficial. For instance, the military agreements which obliged the french to intervene if an african state were facing an adversary or an internal risk. Was that good? Ahidjo was propped up by the french. Good for him. But for cameroon? Was that also good for france? Kwaku, i am interested in our conversations when we get into answers to questions that go beyond the surface.Ken
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From: Mensah, Edward K <dehasnem@uic.edu>
Sent: Wednesday, August 9, 2023 1:32:15 AM
To: Harrow, Kenneth <harrow@msu.edu>; usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - MALI HAS JUST DEFINITIVELY PUT AN END TO ITS DEPENDENCE ON FRANCEKen, you seemed to be preoccupied with the 'protection of the cfa against inflation' by comparing the behavior of the cfa to the naira and the cedi. And in other posts you suggested that I have overestimated the negative impacts of the onerous conditions that france placed on the francafrique before 'independence '.
I want to remind you that one can't overestimate the value of freedom. Ghana and Nigeria made their own decisions to drop the pound in favor of the naira and the cedi. At least it was not an imposed decision and they will learn from the consequences of their decisions. That's what freedom means, free to make your own mistakes.
Kwaku
From: usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com> on behalf of Harrow, Kenneth <harrow@msu.edu>
Sent: Tuesday, August 8, 2023 4:05 PM
To: usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - MALI HAS JUST DEFINITIVELY PUT AN END TO ITS DEPENDENCE ON FRANCEVictor, yours is a broad statement, an indictment. It includes claims about africans being forced to pour money into french banks, without justification. This seems to refer to the cfa agreements, right? I've commented twice on this, and maybe my very limited understanding of it needs to be refined. But tying the cfa to the franc, as originally, protected the cfa against inflation. The advantages might have been seen to lie with the africans more than the french.Other none cfa states sought to join, for economic reasons.What happened with the nairia or cedi, in terms of inflation? Stabilizing the cfa protected it with trade agreements.As far as claims re repayments to france, what has been the role of loans over the years? I would say there's lots to criticize france for, and loans and interest figure in, although now it is imf world bank. But what has been driving the situation re loans?Is there someone who knows, really, about this agreement and its worth to african states?Ken
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From: 'Victor Okafor' via USA Africa Dialogue Series <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>
Sent: Tuesday, August 8, 2023 1:20:13 PM
To: usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - MALI HAS JUST DEFINITIVELY PUT AN END TO ITS DEPENDENCE ON FRANCEYes, the ignominious, atrocious and dehumanizing list has been the subject of public discussions for years. All this time, there has been no question about their authenticity. The video clip that I shared with you all yesterday (in order to partly address your curiosity) featured an explanation of their origins and political economic implications by a former African Union (AU) Ambassador to the United States, Her Excellency Arikana Chihombori-Quao. If you may recall, a few years ago, she was booted out of that diplomatic position for daring to raise an alarm about those monumentally exploitative colonial agreements (or should I say, re-colonization agreements) between France and the affected French-speaking African countries. Yes, recolonization agreements!I was and I am still puzzled about what seemed like your attempt to cast doubt about the authenticity of these atrocious agreements that have been the subject of public discussions and books over the decades. I suppose the enormity of the hegemony, the callous indifference to African humanity and welfare, the selfishness, the greed, the absolutely domineering and asymmetrical nature of the provisions caused you to wonder if such heavily asymmetrical documents could have been propounded by any human society at that point in the 20th century? Do you think the French authors of those documents operated from a standpoint that the African peoples they were dealing with were equal human beings? Had worse things not happened before that era in the trajectory of global geopolitics?
On Tue, Aug 8, 2023 at 12:02 PM Harrow, Kenneth <harrow@msu.edu> wrote:
--Hi victor, what i had in mind was the list of agreements with the french after colonialism.Ken
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From: 'Victor Okafor' via USA Africa Dialogue Series <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>
Sent: Tuesday, August 8, 2023 7:15:18 AM
To: usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - MALI HAS JUST DEFINITIVELY PUT AN END TO ITS DEPENDENCE ON FRANCEIs this an example of obfuscation?
--On Mon, Aug 7, 2023, 11:43 PM Harrow, Kenneth <harrow@msu.edu> wrote:
--I have no doubts about atrocities against africans, to kofi's list many might be added. Easily enough. Starting w the monstrosities of King leopold's Ghost. Nonetheless, we have to retain our sense of judgment of what appears credible what is perhaps trolling.One is not an apologist for anything in asking for credibility,Ken
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From: 'Dompere, Kofi Kissi' via USA Africa Dialogue Series <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>
Sent: Monday, August 7, 2023 1:56:44 PM
To: usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>
Subject: RE: USA Africa Dialogue Series - MALI HAS JUST DEFINITIVELY PUT AN END TO ITS DEPENDENCE ON FRANCE--GREETINGS ALL.
THANK YOU VICTOR FOR REMINDING US OF THIS PIECE AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE GENERAL AFRICAN STRUGGLE
AND NIGER IN PARTICULAR AND ADDITIONALLY CONDITIONS IN MALI, BUKENA FASO WITH ALGERIA LIBERATION WAR AGAINST FRANCE
AND THE UNWAVERING SUPPORT BY KWAME NKRUMAH. THE PROBLEM WITH SO CALLED AFRICAN INTELLECTUALS IS SUBSTENTIAL NUMBER OF
US DO NOT READ OTHER AFRACAN SERIOUS TRANSFORMATIVE WORKS. THIS IS ALSO IN RESPONSE TO KEN'S
"Toyin, without seeing a really credible source, this reads like trolling. There were obviously dependency conditions, but these points appear wacky to me.
Ken"
1 NKRUMAH'S "NEOCOLONIALISM"
2 DIOP'S "BLACK AFRICA"
3 DOMPERE'S , a) AFRICAN UNITY", b)THE THEORY OF CATYEGORIAL CONVERSION" AND c)THETHEORY OF PHILOSOPHICAL CONSCIENCISM
4 AY IKWEI ARMAH "TWO THOPUSAND SEASONS"
FOR MORE CREDIBLE SOURCE SEE THESE SITES:
SOME IMPORTANT SITES FOU PICTUTRES OF ATROCITIES AGAINST AFRICAN PEOPLE
AFRICAN SLAVERY
USA
CUBA AND SLAVERY
FRANCE AND SLAVERY
GERMANY AND SLAVERY
GERMANY AND NAMIBIA
HANKS
KOFI ( RESEARCH PROFESSOR : DECISION THEORY AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES"}
From: 'Victor Okafor' via USA Africa Dialogue Series <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>
Sent: Monday, August 7, 2023 4:50 AM
To: usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - MALI HAS JUST DEFINITIVELY PUT AN END TO ITS DEPENDENCE ON FRANCE
External Email Warning
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The facts speak for themselves. They have been in the public domain for decades. But to perhaps satisfy your craving for a "credible" source, here we go:
On Sat, Aug 5, 2023 at 1:13 AM Harrow, Kenneth <harrow@msu.edu> wrote:
Toyin, without seeing a really credible source, this reads like trolling. There were obviously dependency conditions, but these points appear wacky to me.
Ken
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From: usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com> on behalf of Oluwatoyin Adepoju <ovdepoju@gmail.com>
Sent: Friday, August 4, 2023 4:30:13 PM
To: usaafricadialogue <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - MALI HAS JUST DEFINITIVELY PUT AN END TO ITS DEPENDENCE ON FRANCE
How did the African countries agree to such horrible terms in the first place?
Toyin
On Fri, Aug 4, 2023, 8:14 PM 'Victor Okafor' via USA Africa Dialogue Series <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com> wrote:
Friends:
Given the terms of the 11 obnoxious agreements, the screaming headline, "MALI HAS JUST DEFINITIVELY PUT AN END TO ITS DEPENDENCE ON FRANCE" is an oxymoron of sorts. I beg to advance the following substitute: "MALI HAS JUST DEFINITIVELY PUT AN END TO ITS SERVITUDE RELATIONSHIP WITH FRANCE." For, under the 11 agreements, it is France (the neocolonial master) that depends upon its African neo-colonies for her own economic benefits at the expense of those African societies like a blood-sucking leech. The arrogant, condescending and paternalistic nature of the stipulations of these 11 agreements is mind-boggling!
On Fri, Aug 4, 2023 at 1:20 PM Toyin Falola <toyinfalola@austin.utexas.edu> wrote:
MALI HAS JUST DEFINITIVELY PUT AN END TO ITS DEPENDENCE ON FRANCE
BY CANCELING THE 11 COLONIAL AGREEMENTS IMPOSED ON AFRICAN COUNTRIES SINCE 1960.
BREAKING OF THE COLONIAL AGREEMENTS WITH FRANCE. I INVITE YOU TO UNDERSTAND THE MALIAN CASE AGAINST IMPERIALIST FRANCE🇫🇷
After independence, 14 French-speaking countries signed 11 agreements with France which are as follows :
AGREEMENT n⁰1:
THE COLONIAL DEBT TO REPAY THE BENEFITS OF COLONIZATION.
That is to say that the newly independent states must reimburse the cost of the infrastructures built by France during the colonization.
We are always looking for the details of the costs, the evaluation of the benefits and the payment conditions imposed by France on African countries.
AGREEMENT N⁰ 2 :
THE AUTOMATIC CONFISCATION OF NATIONAL FINANCIAL RESERVES.
That is to say that African countries must deposit their financial reserves with the Banque de France. Thus, France has been "guarding" the financial reserves of fourteen African countries since 1961: Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, Congo-Brazzaville, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon.
Thus, the governance of monetary policies remains asynchronous and incomplete due to the fact that it is managed directly by the French government, without any link with the financial authorities of countries such as ECOWAS or CEMAC.
Thus, due to the conditions that bind the banks of the 14 countries of the CFA economic and financial zones, they are obliged to keep 65% of their foreign exchange reserves in an operations account maintained by the French Treasury, as well as an additional 20% in order to cover "financial risks".
In addition, the banks of the CFA zones impose a credit limit on each member country, equivalent to 20% of state revenues in the current budget year, although the BEAC or the BCEAO have higher withdrawal possibilities from the French Treasury. These withdrawals must first be the subject of the agreement of the French Treasury.
The final decision therefore rests with the French Treasury, which has itself invested the reserves of African countries on the Paris stock exchange.
In other words, 85% of African financial reserves are deposited in an operation account controlled by the French administration.
The two banks in the CFA zone are African by their names, but do not decide any of the monetary policies by themselves.
The worst thing is that the countries themselves do not even know how much of their financial reserves are due to them.
AGREEMENT n⁰3 :
THE RIGHT OF FIRST REFUSAL ON ANY RAW OR NATURAL RESOURCE DISCOVERED IN THE COUNTRY.
That is to say that France has the first right to purchase the natural resources of the land of its former colonies. It is only after France has said: "I am not interested", that African countries are allowed to look for other partners.
AGREEMENT n⁰4 :
PRIORITY TO FRENCH INTERESTS AND COMPANIES IN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT AND PUBLIC TENDERS.
In the awarding of public contracts, French companies have priority over tenders. Even if African countries can get better value for money elsewhere.
As a result, in most of the former French colonies, all the economic levers of the countries are in the hands of French expatriates. In Côte d'Ivoire, for example, French companies own and control all major public services including water, electricity, telephone, air transport, ports and major banks. It is the same in trade, construction and agriculture.
AGREEMENT n⁰5 :
EXCLUSIVE RIGHT TO PROVIDE MILITARY EQUIPMENT AND TRAIN MILITARY OFFICERS OF THE COLONIES.
Thanks to a sophisticated system of scholarships, grants, and the "defense agreements" attached to the colonial pact, Africans must send their senior officers for training in France and are obliged to provide themselves with military equipment with France.
AGREEMENT n⁰6 :
THE RIGHT FOR FRANCE TO DEPLOY TROOPS AND INTERVENE MILITARILY IN THE COUNTRY TO DEFEND ITS INTERESTS.
Under the so-called "defense agreements" attached to the colonial pact, France has the right to intervene militarily in African countries, and also to permanently station troops in military bases and installations, entirely managed by the French.
AGREEMENT n⁰7 :
THE OBLIGATION TO MAKE FRENCH THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE OF THE COUNTRY AND THE LANGUAGE FOR EDUCATION.
An organization for the French language and the dissemination of French culture has even been created. It is called the "Francophonie" and has several satellite organizations. These organizations are affiliated to and controlled by the French Minister of Foreign Affairs.
AGREEMENT n⁰8 :
THE OBLIGATION TO USE THE CFA FRANC (FRANC OF THE FRENCH COLONIES IN AFRICA).*
Although this system is not shared by the European Union, the French colonies are forced to use the FCFA exclusively.
AGREEMENT n⁰9 :
THE OBLIGATION TO SEND TO FRANCE, AN ANNUAL BALANCE SHEET AND A REPORT ON THE STATE OF RESERVES. NO REPORT, NO MONEY.
That is to say that the director of the central banks of the former colonies presents the said report at the annual meetings of the Ministers of Finance on the former colonies. This report is then compiled by the Banque de France and the French Treasury.
AGREEMENT n⁰10 :
RENOUNCE ANY MILITARY ALLIANCE WITH OTHER COUNTRIES, UNLESS AUTHORIZED BY FRANCE.
Most of these countries only have military alliances with their ex-colonizers simply because France forbade them any other military alliance.
AGREEMENT n⁰11 :
THE OBLIGATION TO ALLY WITH FRANCE IN THE EVENT OF WAR OR A GLOBAL CRISIS.
More than a million African soldiers fought for the defeat of Nazism and fascism during the Second World War. Now that France is militarily linked to the European Union, NATO and the United States, Africa will de facto be committed to the side of France in the event of the 3rd World War.
Dear fellow Africans, eleven (11) agreements are still in force between France and the 14 countries of the CFA zone, and no French media or their so-called African specialists will ever talk about these sinister agreements that have been imposed on the African countries of the CFA zone.
Dear compatriots, that is why we do not stop denouncing this colonization which has now been practiced since 1960, by interposed persons, that is to say by leaders of their choices whom they support and whom they protect by imposing dictatorship on them in front of their own peoples.
What interests us today among these eleven agreements is the tenth (n⁰ 10) which says that the 14 countries of the CFA zone through the agreement, are not authorized to have a military alliance with other countries and are also not authorized to buy military equipment in another European country without the authorization of France,
that is why Mali has been blocked until today. But the situation has been unblocked, Mali can now freely cooperate with all the countries of the planet without asking France for permission.
DEAR COMPATRIOTS, IN VIEW OF ALL THESE MORAL, PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SCAMS, THE NEW AFRICAN GENERATION MUST DO ITS PART TO RESTORE THE NATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTS OF OUR CONTINENT IN ORDER TO LEAVE A WORTHY LEGACY TO FUTURE GENERATIONS.
GRAH KOSSI-KOSSI.
Geopolitical Strategy
MAXIMUM SHARING PLEASE.
🇩🇿🇧🇯 🇧🇫 🇧🇮 🇨🇲 🇰🇲 🇨🇮 🇩🇯 🇬🇦 🇬🇳 🇬🇶 🇲🇬 🇲🇱
🇳🇪 🇨🇫 🇨🇩 🇨🇬 🇸🇳 🇸🇨 🇹🇩 🇹🇬 🇷🇼 🇲🇦 🇲🇷 🇹🇳
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Sincerely,
Victor O. Okafor, Ph.D.
Professor and Head
Department of Africology and African American Studies
Eastern Michigan University
Email: vokafor@emich.edu
Tel: 734.487.9594
Food for Thought:
"The limits of tyrants are prescribed by the endurance of those whom they oppress." -- Frederick Douglass
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Sincerely,
Victor O. Okafor, Ph.D.
Professor and Head
Department of Africology and African American Studies
Eastern Michigan University
Email: vokafor@emich.edu
Tel: 734.487.9594
Food for Thought:
"The limits of tyrants are prescribed by the endurance of those whom they oppress." -- Frederick Douglass
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--
--Sincerely,
Victor O. Okafor, Ph.D.Professor and HeadDepartment of Africology and African American StudiesEastern Michigan UniversityEmail: vokafor@emich.edu
Tel: 734.487.9594Food for Thought:"The limits of tyrants are prescribed by the endurance of those whom they oppress." -- Frederick Douglass
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